ODONATA EMERGENCE – A CHANGE IN VENUE

Dragonflies (including damselflies, both in the order Odonata) are aquatic as larvae and terrestrial (and aerial) as adults. These are very different environments, and organisms need different adaptations to be successful in each one.

Dragonflies, like amphibians, have successfully colonized these two different environments. Some amphibians remain in water, and their immature and mature stages are very similar. Others undergo a dramatic metamorphosis when they move from water to land, for example tadpoles to frogs.

In dragonflies the changes are even more dramatic. A dragonfly larva (nymph) is so different from an adult that you would never think they were the same organism. Each is perfectly adapted to its environment, but they must change radically to move from one to the other.

Most dragonfly larvae spend months, in some cases years, in the water. Very tiny when they hatch from the egg, they begin feeding on other small organisms immediately. With an inflexible exoskeleton, they have to molt to grow, so they enlarge each time they shed their cuticle and grow a new one. Each of these stages is called an instar. Larvae usually go through 10-12 instars before they are full size.

While in the last instar, they begin the amazing transformation of metamorphosis. Within the larval body, tissues are transformed from larval to adult tissues. All this happens while the larva continues to move around, feed, and try to avoid being eaten by some other predator. Finally, the change becomes such that the larva switches from aquatic to aerial respiration. It cannot feed any more by that time, and it heads for a place to emerge from the water.

The larva crawls up onto shore or onto a stem emerging from the water and begins its transformation. It anchors itself in place by its sharp claws. Soon a split appears in the cuticle of the thorax, and the adult within enlarges and begins to emerge. The thorax and then the head emerge, and the dragonfly rests in that position for some time, presumably waiting for muscles to firm up.

It then reaches forward and grabs its own skin or the stem in front of it and pulls itself completely out of the larva (the cast skin is called an exuvia). It is still more or less the shape of the larva, but then it begins to enlarge still more while still soft. First it pumps body fluids into the wings, which had been accordioned into very small wing pads. The wings get bigger and bigger, finally reaching full size.

The fluids then are pumped from the wings into the abdomen, which lengthens greatly. Eventually the fully developed wings open up, and the dragonfly remains that way for a while. Finally it lifts into the air and flies away. The entire process may take only a half hour in a small damselfly, up to several hours in a large dragonfly, but the result is the same. Free of the water at last, the dragonfly undertakes a completely different life from then on.

That life will be much shorter than the larval life, in the range of a week to a few months, but it will involve dispersal away from the water to feed and mature, then back to the water to mate and, for the females, to lay eggs. The cycle is complete.

Dennis Paulson

“TIS THE SEASON TO EAT DUCKLINGS,

Fa la la la la, they’re good for you.”

This just might be the spring song at the top of the Coyote Hit Parade. Ducks have been breeding for the past several months in the Pacific Northwest, and there is a steady supply of cute, fuzzy, edible ducklings. Mallards were first, and many of them have full-sized young now. They were followed by other species, including Gadwalls, the second most common breeding duck in western Washington.

Ducks lay clutches of around 8-10 eggs and incubate them for almost a month to hatching. Incubation begins when the last egg is laid, so the young all develop synchronously and hatch at about the same time. The female leads the ducklings from the nest off to a good wetland feeding area, watching carefully for predators.

She can warn her offspring to hide, but she can’t do much to protect them against the predatory mammals, birds, snakes, frogs and fish that might relish a duckling meal. A duckling might be a snack for a Coyote, a good lunch for a Mink, or an overstuffed belly for a Bullfrog.

The downy (cute) stage in a Mallard lasts about 25 days, and then they begin feathering out and enter their gawky “teenager” stage.  After another few weeks, they are fully feathered, and they can fly at around two months of age; most broods are abandoned by the female then or a bit before.

Males of most species of ducks desert their mates when incubation begins, but in city ducks, it seems that more and more males can be seen with their families, at least early in the season, and one wonders if there are genetic changes happening in these populations.

The males begin to molt out of their definitive plumage soon after leaving the females, changing to a female-like eclipse plumage and eventually molting all their flight feathers simultaneously. The Gadwall shown here is entering that plumage. After their brood has fledged, females also undergo a complete molt, although they don’t change plumage.

Meanwhile, predators are taking their toll. Rarely will you see a complete brood of ducklings. Instead, the numbers decrease week by week until there are often only a few left with any given female. Sometimes females combine broods, raising the level of predator awareness with two pairs of eyes, but the young still remain relatively unprotected.

In any case, all a pair has to do is raise two young successfully in their lifetimes to keep populations stable. Waterfowl populations as a whole are doing well, so those females must be doing something right! Perhaps it’s good that not all those ducklings survive, as wouldn’t we be knee-deep in ducks at some point?

Dennis Paulson