tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65964994510414352502024-03-13T08:15:38.143-07:00Northwest Nature NotesThe blog of the Slater Museum of Natural HistorySlater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.comBlogger125125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-42829436914398741202020-08-09T10:45:00.010-07:002020-08-10T10:27:21.203-07:00TARANTULA HAWKS<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6EIaYzQP3HY/XzGBL5XbrFI/AAAAAAAAB9Y/dMCN3GbFOPQzhvHWSDQf9JGnYGVoBxuYQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1200/Pepsis%2Bsp%2BC17484a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6EIaYzQP3HY/XzGBL5XbrFI/AAAAAAAAB9Y/dMCN3GbFOPQzhvHWSDQf9JGnYGVoBxuYQCLcBGAsYHQ/w320-h240/Pepsis%2Bsp%2BC17484a.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt;"><i>Pepsis </i>sp. Coronado National Forest, Arizona. 30 Aug 2015. Netta Smith photo</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Tarantula Hawk, what a crazy name for a wasp! Well, I want to tell you all about how this fascinating insect got its name. The several hundred species of Tarantula Hawks (most in the genus </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i style="font-size: 11pt;">Pepsis</i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">) have a global distribution at lower latitudes and are common in the Southwestern United States. First of all, the wasp strikes an intimidating figure, to say the least. Most species are metallic blue-black, with orange or black wings. They are up to 5 cm long and have a stinger up to 7 mm long in the largest species. This stinger packs such a punch that the Tarantula Hawk has the second most painful sting of any insect (it is second only to the tropical Bullet Ant). One researcher described it as " . . . immediate, excruciating, unrelenting pain that simply shuts down one's ability to do anything, except scream. Mental discipline simply does not work in these situations."</span></span></p><p> <img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1200" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fGEZ6G0W2Xk/XzA01tSwh_I/AAAAAAAAB9A/SB6Wey8pEBAq3P-X2thdXkp2JabhHpqkACLcBGAsYHQ/w320-h240/Pepsis%2B37476a.jpg" width="320" /></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>Pepsis</i> sp. with spider. Big Bend National Park, Texas. 11 Nov 2007. Netta Smith photo</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: inherit;">The wasp gets its name from how it raises its offspring through an effective form of parasitism. When a female Tarantula Hawk is ready to lay an egg, it flies out in search of a tarantula or other large spider. When one is located the wasp stings it, paralyzing it so it cannot move (unfortunately for the spider, things don’t get much better from here). The wasp drags the spider back into a specially prepared burrow and lays a single egg on the spider’s abdomen, then covers up the burrow entrance. When the egg hatches, the larva burrows into the spider and consumes it from the inside out, making sure to leave vital organs untouched for as long as possible to keep its host alive. The larva pupates and develops into an adult, and then when the adult emerges from the pupa, it bursts out of the spider’s abdomen and flies off to continue this fascinating life cycle of parasitism.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span> <img border="0" data-original-height="905" data-original-width="1200" height="242" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZmgmQbdS0VM/XzA09JEjwiI/AAAAAAAAB9I/e0Mk0YpiLIskKphDab5Jc0aGvD7v-Ra4gCLcBGAsYHQ/w320-h242/Pepsis%2B%2528DP%2529.jpg" width="320" /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i style="font-family: -webkit-standard;">Pepsis</i><span face="" style="font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: medium;"> sp. with tarantula. Iguazú, Argentina. Nov 1995. Dennis Paulson photo</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: inherit;">Fun Fact: these wasps are actually nectarivorous, meaning that they feed on flowers and fruits and only hunt in order to find tarantulas to parasitize.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Sean Grealish</span><span style="font-family: arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"></p><br /><br /><br /><p></p>Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-46155476929905528172016-09-06T09:30:00.000-07:002016-09-06T17:24:55.832-07:00VENOMOUS SNAKES OF THE NORTHWEST<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bU2-AmFuaOA/V87uRibfP6I/AAAAAAAAB0k/xpCNe4MQVWgTszJlcVGrYykaqbqyWMI2QCLcB/s1600/Crotalus%2Boreganus%2BS25861a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bU2-AmFuaOA/V87uRibfP6I/AAAAAAAAB0k/xpCNe4MQVWgTszJlcVGrYykaqbqyWMI2QCLcB/s320/Crotalus%2Boreganus%2BS25861a.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Pacific Northwest has just one venomous snake, the
Pacific Rattlesnake <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Crotalus oreganus</i>.
Formerly considered conspecific with the Prairie Rattlesnake <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Crotalus viridis</i>, ours has been split
from that species. The Prairie does occur just to the east in parts of Idaho
and Montana.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Rattlesnakes aren't found in the wetter regions west of the
Cascades summits but are common on the east side, usually in drier habitats
below 3000 feet in elevation. They prefer rocky areas, probably because they
can retreat into winter dens where there are a lot of crevices, but they also
occur away from rocks. They are diurnal in spring when night temperatures are
low but nocturnal in summer when daytime temperatures become too high for these
ectothermic reptiles.</div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jS_sJ4UEWLw/V87uae105iI/AAAAAAAAB0o/VKWNlMixHz44h2VNRvo2IV9yoWskAoViACLcB/s1600/Crotalus%2Boreganus%2BM19947a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jS_sJ4UEWLw/V87uae105iI/AAAAAAAAB0o/VKWNlMixHz44h2VNRvo2IV9yoWskAoViACLcB/s320/Crotalus%2Boreganus%2BM19947a.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Our rattlesnakes grow to about three feet in length, but
most I have seen are around two feet. I would be shocked to see one much bigger
than that in Washington/Oregon. They eat primarily warm-blooded prey,
especially small mammals, but they'll take a bird if they can get it, not to
mention other reptiles and amphibians. The young ones especially are likely to
have a broader diet of smaller animals, even insects. Rattlesnakes are pit
vipers, with a pair of heat-sensitive pits just behind the nostrils that can
detect a mammal's body heat in the dark. They strike their prey with a pair of
fangs that fold out when used, injecting them with a potent venom. The venom is
full of proteolytic enzymes and quickly causes tissue destruction and death in
a small animal. The prey may have run away, the snake follows the scent trail
to find the dead animal.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-i5oSS46mqNc/V87uh7eehzI/AAAAAAAAB0s/xKlVlCzccvsala8d27dUQ6FiSXx4dKMCgCLcB/s1600/Crotalus%2Boreganus%2BM21172a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="88" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-i5oSS46mqNc/V87uh7eehzI/AAAAAAAAB0s/xKlVlCzccvsala8d27dUQ6FiSXx4dKMCgCLcB/s320/Crotalus%2Boreganus%2BM21172a.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The venom is also a very effective defense, and any large animal would suffer
even from a nonlethal bite. Over evolutionary time, natural selection favored
snakes that failed to shed the very tip of their tail but instead added another
segment that made noise when vibrated against its neighbors, much enhancing the
tail vibration that some other snakes also practice in defense. Snakes shed their
skin 2-3 times a year, so a rattle would be a fairly good indicator of the age
of the snake except that terminal segments often break off.</div>
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Fortunately for Northwesterners, Pacific Rattlesnakes are
not especially aggressive, and their venom is less toxic than that of their
relatives to the south. Nevertheless, don't try it! Watch where you walk when
in rattlesnake country, especially among rocks, and don't put your hand
somewhere that you don't scrutinize first for the presence of one of these
cryptic snakes.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Dennis Paulson</div>
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<br /></div>
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Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com16tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-64407104224001603932016-06-29T15:07:00.000-07:002016-06-29T15:08:40.388-07:00GREEDY GREBES GRABBING GRUB<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pt7mCQshU_E/V3RCuex6ZXI/AAAAAAAABzc/NRe39nrQhHEPS9WeuTgFy3d931wHNBUtgCLcB/s1600/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM23599.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pt7mCQshU_E/V3RCuex6ZXI/AAAAAAAABzc/NRe39nrQhHEPS9WeuTgFy3d931wHNBUtgCLcB/s320/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM23599.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">I
have been following the Pied-billed Grebes at Magnuson Park in Seattle for
about two months now, and they never fail to be interesting and always offer
good photo ops. Various members of the family often rest among the lily pads;
presumably they are expending most of their energy digesting a good meal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">The
adults continue to feed their young Oriental weatherfish (<i>Misgurnus anguillicaudatus</i>), a loach from Asia that has invaded the
pond from Lake Washington, where it was unintentionally introduced. We have now
found four species of fish in the pond, including Prickly Sculpin (<i>Cottus asper</i>), Pumpkinseed (<i>Lepomis gibbosus</i>) and Largemouth Bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>). The first is a
native species, the other two introduced long ago throughout the region for sport
fishing. I still don't have any idea how they got into the pond.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e2RK8xu_EHI/V3RC88-NbNI/AAAAAAAABzk/kK06IaIyeMc16fHoMlr1GA-d3wFzPQ1-QCLcB/s1600/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM23817.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-e2RK8xu_EHI/V3RC88-NbNI/AAAAAAAABzk/kK06IaIyeMc16fHoMlr1GA-d3wFzPQ1-QCLcB/s320/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM23817.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Anyway,
there must be a lot more loaches, or they are easier to capture, as again and
again that's what I see the adult grebe feeding to the young. In this case, one
young got the fish and another followed it around and around for a while. It
was obvious the lucky young was trying to swallow it but was having a hard time
because it couldn't slow down. But finally it managed to gulp it down.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kPKqPMVCtWs/V3RDMs6X2NI/AAAAAAAABzs/e38Cio36lps0kgjnHfGugZ518XtXEE1IwCLcB/s1600/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM23787.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kPKqPMVCtWs/V3RDMs6X2NI/AAAAAAAABzs/e38Cio36lps0kgjnHfGugZ518XtXEE1IwCLcB/s320/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM23787.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ocNqkK_ALFY/V3RDXYpND0I/AAAAAAAABz0/EUm55K3DxMwq9XbJKpFA8b6qhY9fbE4sACLcB/s1600/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM23633.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ocNqkK_ALFY/V3RDXYpND0I/AAAAAAAABz0/EUm55K3DxMwq9XbJKpFA8b6qhY9fbE4sACLcB/s320/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM23633.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "times"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">The
adults feed to the young anything than can catch, here a dragonfly, an adult male Common
Green Darner (<i>Anax junius</i>) that
perhaps was captured when it was mated with an egg-laying female at the water
surface. I doubt if a grebe could pluck one out of the air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Another one is about to swallow the larva of a California Spreadwing (<i>Archilestes californicus</i>), a large damselfly
that is common in the pond.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ARjeTuk9YKg/V3RDswfG0pI/AAAAAAAABz8/-JZd1G8HBGMEl1BJ0nYRAkOk3cwakyyswCLcB/s1600/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM23735.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ARjeTuk9YKg/V3RDswfG0pI/AAAAAAAABz8/-JZd1G8HBGMEl1BJ0nYRAkOk3cwakyyswCLcB/s320/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM23735.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">There
are no more ducklings for the male grebe to savage, and it seems to be getting
along with the single American Coot that now lives in the pond. Maybe this is
the stage in nesting when that fierce aggression is relaxed. But I've seen the
male chase its own young violently on several occasions in exactly the same
way, rushing it from underwater, not sure what that is all about. I still
haven't been able to get a photo of it, as it happens very quickly and only once.
Maybe it's just "I've had enough of all that begging."</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-S0p6eu_ndaM/V3RD2Cj9bNI/AAAAAAAAB0I/lYvZMDPool0anFK73LcotfkVPFz9-nVRACLcB/s1600/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM23948.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-S0p6eu_ndaM/V3RD2Cj9bNI/AAAAAAAAB0I/lYvZMDPool0anFK73LcotfkVPFz9-nVRACLcB/s320/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM23948.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Grebes
swim amazingly rapidly underwater, and here you can see the size of the foot that,
together with its mate on the other side, propels them like that. The long toes are lobed rather than webbed as they are in a duck, and both adaptations seem to work equally well.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times"; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><br />
Dennis Paulson</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-76997489001407356922016-06-08T14:15:00.001-07:002016-06-08T14:16:41.049-07:00THE ANGELIC AND DEVILISH PIED-BILLED GREBE<div class="MsoNormal">
Pied-billed Grebes, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Podilymbus
podiceps</i>, breed at several lakes within the city of Seattle and doubtless
within many other cities in the Pacific Northwest. One of our breeding sites is
Magnuson Park, where one or two pairs of grebes began to breed just last year
at the Shore Lagoon, the pond closest to Lake Washington. The male started calling
early this spring.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pQmBOa4o9Hw/V1iJ2v82_mI/AAAAAAAAByg/JXgb-GPHapY1u_YQ-wCj3Z0XO_g_ic0rgCLcB/s1600/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM18674.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pQmBOa4o9Hw/V1iJ2v82_mI/AAAAAAAAByg/JXgb-GPHapY1u_YQ-wCj3Z0XO_g_ic0rgCLcB/s320/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM18674.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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And in mid May I saw the adults taking care of 5 downy young. They are very striking, with their striped heads and reddish markings. The young grebes have a strong predilection for riding on
the back of the female, and I saw this numerous times. Four young at once would
try to crowd onto her back, a logistical impossibility, but I saw her holding
three on a few occasions. As they got larger, of course, this behavior became
less likely. But it was very cute to see, a picture of parental care in a bird
that can't be beat.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7QFI-8two8U/V1iKJtxAfTI/AAAAAAAAByo/iYum4SRZ5NkiNqluUMRlAzmjRNoxkEKZgCLcB/s1600/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM18770.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7QFI-8two8U/V1iKJtxAfTI/AAAAAAAAByo/iYum4SRZ5NkiNqluUMRlAzmjRNoxkEKZgCLcB/s320/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM18770.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
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<br /></div>
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For several years this pond, the result of a wetland
mitigation, had no fish in it. Last year the grebes fed their young primarily large
dragonfly larvae, and these common insects were apparently sufficient food for
the family. By this summer, Oriental weatherfish, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Misgurnus anguillicaudatus</i>, an introduced member of the loach
family, had found their way into the pond somehow, perhaps through a drain into
Lake Washington. So they have been the hot items on the diet this summer.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Zx8fDK1P0Ik/V1iKcgUqyNI/AAAAAAAAByw/LPEf3_y-cFkSgtOvEvuY33cZDaitQMT_gCLcB/s1600/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM18565.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Zx8fDK1P0Ik/V1iKcgUqyNI/AAAAAAAAByw/LPEf3_y-cFkSgtOvEvuY33cZDaitQMT_gCLcB/s320/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM18565.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The young laze around until an adult comes up with a fish,
then immediately crowd in. At first the loaches were too large, and I saw the
female attempt to offer them to one young after another with no success. They
swallow their food whole, so this wasn't doing it, and I assume there must have
been smaller food items fed to the young when I wasn't watching. There were originally
five young, but two weeks later I could see only four, so a predator may have
taken one. A young bird that fledges may have moved from one narrow escape to
another.</div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OEOagZSO4oo/V1iKqwWgLhI/AAAAAAAABy8/IiDJhZnCIXEEWLRSIZj7NUUcZvSQKqe3ACLcB/s1600/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM18791.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OEOagZSO4oo/V1iKqwWgLhI/AAAAAAAABy8/IiDJhZnCIXEEWLRSIZj7NUUcZvSQKqe3ACLcB/s320/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM18791.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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However, these grebes, especially the male, dominated the
pond. He would call often and loud, sounding like a challenge to me. One day I
saw something I wish I had been able to photograph. Two Mallard ducklings were
following their mother across the pond, when one of them disappeared. I
wondered if someone had introduced a large bass or snapping turtle into the
pond, when a few seconds later the male grebe surfaced right at that spot. I
didn't see the duckling again, and 10 minutes later I found it floating dead on
the surface, with wounds on its head.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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In additional visits, I saw the grebe chase both ducklings
and adults ducks numerous times, and one of my friends saw the grebe kill two
ducklings in a row. The literature about Pied-billed Grebes makes it clear that
they are fiercely territorial against each other and other water birds, and a
case of a Pied-billed killing the chicks of a Least Grebe was reported. The
male that I watched regularly was astonishingly aggressive, chasing every bird
that it came near, and I started calling it the Devil Grebe. Of course it was
just exercising normal behavior for the species, and it's not the only water
bird that has been reported to kill the chicks of other species. Nature is
something else.</div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-30JpJ58ExeM/V1iK6vRKzrI/AAAAAAAABzI/NZjq2ynMzqk_AGqAzeJutIjTwsQ-W3sDgCLcB/s1600/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM21913.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-30JpJ58ExeM/V1iK6vRKzrI/AAAAAAAABzI/NZjq2ynMzqk_AGqAzeJutIjTwsQ-W3sDgCLcB/s320/Pied-billed%2BGrebe%2BM21913.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Dennis Paulson<o:p></o:p></div>
Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-79152257828846115502015-06-16T16:47:00.000-07:002015-06-16T16:48:45.524-07:00VIREOS, INCONSPICUOUS SIGNS OF SUMMER<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Vx_3RMCGDvo/VYC0n8bMD8I/AAAAAAAABxU/PFv4Oh3_9sg/s1600/Cassin%2527s%2BVireo%2BA8423.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Vx_3RMCGDvo/VYC0n8bMD8I/AAAAAAAABxU/PFv4Oh3_9sg/s320/Cassin%2527s%2BVireo%2BA8423.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Now that summer has come around, it’s time to look at
breeding birds, of which we have plenty in the Pacific Northwest. One such
group is the vireos, Vireonidae. Members of this family, at least out of the
tropics, are quite plain, olive to gray-brown, perhaps with a bit of brighter
greenish or yellow thrown in. Some species have a combination of eye rings and
wing bars, others have a supercilium (pale eye stripe) and no wing bars.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hxdhN5k0WIg/VYC0uC-R0LI/AAAAAAAABxc/G1MiDx5WAB4/s1600/Hutton%2527s%2BVireo%2BA30001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hxdhN5k0WIg/VYC0uC-R0LI/AAAAAAAABxc/G1MiDx5WAB4/s320/Hutton%2527s%2BVireo%2BA30001.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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We have two each of these types. Of the eye ring/wing bar group, Cassin’s
Vireos have a white throat contrasting with a leaden gray head and bright white
“spectacles,” while Hutton’s Vireos are duller, with no contrast in the
head/throat area and a less conspicuous and broken eye ring. In the second
group, Warbling Viros are dull gray-brown above, with the white supercilium
their only conspicuous mark. Red-eyed Vireos are much more brightly marked, rather
greenish above and with a gray cap and rather conspicuous dark lines above and
below the white supercilium. This species is the only one of our vireos that
doesn’t have a dark brown eye.</div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-snbbmtLc2N8/VYC01xQkO1I/AAAAAAAABxk/RpxUIZHYQyU/s1600/Warbling%2BVireo%2B41794.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="244" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-snbbmtLc2N8/VYC01xQkO1I/AAAAAAAABxk/RpxUIZHYQyU/s320/Warbling%2BVireo%2B41794.jpg" width="320" /></a>More interesting than the differences in appearance are the
differences in ecology. Cassin’s breed in somewhat open conifer forests and are
quite common well up into the mountains. Hutton’s breed in lowland conifer and
mixed forests and are uncommon even as high as the foothills. Warbling breed widely
in mixed forests with a high deciduous component, much more commonly to the
east of the range of Hutton’s, and Red-eyed are characteristic of tall
cottonwoods in riparian situations along rivers and around lakes.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tolPAuNRLTc/VYC1CEV2j3I/AAAAAAAABxs/sVIweyJ2rmE/s1600/Red-eyed%2BVireo%2BA36329.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tolPAuNRLTc/VYC1CEV2j3I/AAAAAAAABxs/sVIweyJ2rmE/s320/Red-eyed%2BVireo%2BA36329.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Red-eyed and Cassin’s are birds of the canopy, while
Warbling and Hutton’s are more typical of the subcanopy and even understory.
The consequences of these differences are that each species has a habitat in
the Northwest where the others usually aren’t found. This is the ecological separation,
presumably by each species being best adapted to its own habitat and foraging
height, that is discussed in ecology texts. Our vireos show it particularly
well.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JXN3PJuC5F8/VYC1IQxL6II/AAAAAAAABx4/98fCXeHYy_k/s1600/vireo%2Bnest%2Bwith%2Bcowbird%2BS13849.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JXN3PJuC5F8/VYC1IQxL6II/AAAAAAAABx4/98fCXeHYy_k/s320/vireo%2Bnest%2Bwith%2Bcowbird%2BS13849.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br />
In addition, three of the species are migratory, moving out
of the region in winter and wintering in Mexico (Cassin’s and Warbling) and
even far into the Amazon Basin in South America (Red-eyed). These long
migrations are typical of most of our insect-eating birds, which would have
trouble finding food in the winter when most insects are hidden well away from
a leaf-gleaning bird such as a vireo. Hutton’s is resident, on the other hand,
apparently able to find enough to eat in the moist forests where it occurs. We
are at the northern end of its range, and it is doubtful if it could be
resident any farther north. Perhaps because it is the smallest vireo, it can
find insects in places in which the larger species couldn’t forage.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Vireos build nests supported by their rims, often in the
fork of a branch and often enough in the open that they are findable by an
observant naturalist. They are also findable by female Brown-headed Cowbirds,
brood parasites that parasitize a large percentage of vireo nests. Our vireos
seem to be doing fine in spite of this.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />
Dennis Paulson<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-3881716357425419712015-05-05T14:01:00.001-07:002015-05-05T14:01:44.988-07:00TOO MUCH WIND FOR BY-THE-WIND SAILORS<br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8lgDP-Hg8C4/VUkrmTT2mOI/AAAAAAAABwU/vwNnQvlf25E/s1600/Velella%2Bvelella%2BSX34933a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8lgDP-Hg8C4/VUkrmTT2mOI/AAAAAAAABwU/vwNnQvlf25E/s320/Velella%2Bvelella%2BSX34933a.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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For more than a month now, Pacific
Northwest outer ocean beaches have been the scene of a massive stranding of
by-the-wind sailors, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Velella velella</i>.
These little blue critters are washing up on our beaches by the billions. Each
time a new high tide comes in, they are deposited at the upper end of the
waves in windrows on the beach.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Velella</i> wrecks are commonplace on the
Pacific coast, usually happening in the spring of most years. But this year has
produced a bumper crop of them, many more than usual, from Vancouver Island to
California. First noticed in August of 2014, they came in in stupendous numbers
in the spring of 2015 with unusually strong onshore winds. They are everywhere
in tropical and temperate oceans, but their strandings seem to be most common
on the American Pacific coast.</div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--VbKLLeWn1c/VUkruhqkriI/AAAAAAAABwc/UPOKZToFLvk/s1600/Velella%2Bvelella%2BSX34936a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--VbKLLeWn1c/VUkruhqkriI/AAAAAAAABwc/UPOKZToFLvk/s320/Velella%2Bvelella%2BSX34936a.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Velella</i> is a colonial animal, each
sailor made up of hydroids attached together under a chitinous float, the individuals thought to be specialized for prey capture, digestion and reproduction. A
stiff semicircular sail projects upward from the float, so any breeze blows the
sailor across the surface. The sail is set at a bit of a diagonal, so the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Velella</i> is actually tacking off the downwind
direction. It is speculated that the direction of tacking is such that the
animals are kept offshore for the most part, but changing winds can undo that safety factor.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-72FHKyrlBDc/VUksjsZ7JDI/AAAAAAAABws/WfreL45Zffc/s1600/Velella%2Bvelella%2BSX35036a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-72FHKyrlBDc/VUksjsZ7JDI/AAAAAAAABws/WfreL45Zffc/s320/Velella%2Bvelella%2BSX35036a.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One
of the most characteristic things about <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Velella</i>
is its beautiful blue color. The blue pigment is apparently a protection
against harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun that streams down through
the day.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AOnqAhleCdE/VUksJWE_o9I/AAAAAAAABwk/m-eoA_leKUI/s1600/Velella%2Bvelella%2BSX35076a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AOnqAhleCdE/VUksJWE_o9I/AAAAAAAABwk/m-eoA_leKUI/s320/Velella%2Bvelella%2BSX35076a.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Velella</i> are typical cnidarians,
possessing nematocysts in their tentacles that kill tiny planktonic prey,
including crustacean larvae and fish eggs, and digest them in a central stomach
area. This nutrition is shared among the individuals and is augmented by algae (zooxanthellae) in the colony that photosynthesize and produce organic carbon and nitrogen. In the class Hydrozoa,
they are more closely related to hydras than to jellyfish, although not as
closely related to Portuguese man-o’-war as previously believed.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They
feature alternation of generations, reproducing like typical members of the
phylum Cnidaria. The sailors that we see bud off tiny medusae (“jellyfish”)
that then produce male and female gametes that fuse and form larvae that at
some point presumably assemble into the animals that we see. Exactly how this
happens is still quite unknown, and the smallest ones that are usually seen are
fully developed.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ixeV74T3aOs/VUks4Vi36vI/AAAAAAAABw8/2ERJSfiaIFA/s1600/Janthina%2Bjanthina%2BP5050006.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ixeV74T3aOs/VUks4Vi36vI/AAAAAAAABw8/2ERJSfiaIFA/s320/Janthina%2Bjanthina%2BP5050006.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>You
might guess that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Velella</i>, just
because of its abundance, would be attractive as prey, yet much of the animal
is inedible chitin, the same protein that makes up the exoskeleton of insects.
Their best-known predators are spectacular pelagic nudibranchs (<i>Glaucus</i>) and a group
of unusual snails (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Janthina</i>) called
violet snails that produce mucus with their foot that forms into bubbles that
support them. They float on the surface darkside up, countershaded like oceanic
fish!<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Two
jellyfish predators, ocean sunfish (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mola
mola</i>) and leatherback turtle (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dermochelys
coriacea</i>), are said also to consume <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Velella</i>,
but there seems little evidence for this. Many sandpipers fed among the <i>Velella</i>
at Grays Harbor recently, and some poked into the tentacles, perhaps finding
small prey among them.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wRtw-tNoJ9Q/VUksq4A5EnI/AAAAAAAABw0/ZNfqkwuT4E4/s1600/Western%2BSandpiper.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wRtw-tNoJ9Q/VUksq4A5EnI/AAAAAAAABw0/ZNfqkwuT4E4/s320/Western%2BSandpiper.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>These
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Velella velella</i> are not to be
mistaken for the Seattle musical group of the same name!<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .25in;">
Dennis Paulson<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-26911274597895398062015-04-14T14:37:00.005-07:002015-04-16T17:35:58.434-07:00LONG-HORNED BEETLES<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7XcZ3gRfhys/VS2Hv6-dgjI/AAAAAAAABvM/AQi-xl_4Co8/s1600/Pseudogaurotina%2Bcressoni%2BD12219a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7XcZ3gRfhys/VS2Hv6-dgjI/AAAAAAAABvM/AQi-xl_4Co8/s1600/Pseudogaurotina%2Bcressoni%2BD12219a.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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Beetles are the most diverse animals in the world, with
surely over a million species, although only about 350,000 have been described
to date. Any collection of tropical insects contains undescribed species, and
beetles often make up a good part of this, even though they have been favorites
with collectors ever since specimens were first collected for museums.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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One explanation for the great diversity of beetles is their
long association with angiosperm plants. It appears that a taxonomic group that
is associated with these very diverse vascular plants has an unlimited array of
niches available for speciation, furnished by both the many different species and
their many parts—leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits—on which to specialize.</div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HmUCW9_9-Fk/VS2H4qrghXI/AAAAAAAABvU/UmEat9i4xqk/s1600/Lepturobosca%2Bchrysocoma%2B5561a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HmUCW9_9-Fk/VS2H4qrghXI/AAAAAAAABvU/UmEat9i4xqk/s1600/Lepturobosca%2Bchrysocoma%2B5561a.jpg" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
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Long-horned beetles, family Cerambycidae, are strongly
associated with these plants and one of the most diverse beetle families, with about
35,000 species known to date (1,200 or so in North America). Almost all of them
have larvae that bore in plant stems. They are distinguished by—guess
what—their long antennae as well as C-shaped eyes that curve around the
antennal bases. They range in length from a few millimeters to over 17
centimeters and because of their size, beauty, and those looong antennae, are
among the most charismatic and well-liked of beetles.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DDMaIMzXyV8/VS2H_lIjnNI/AAAAAAAABvc/YpeN0JN1qf8/s1600/Plectrodera%2Bscalator%2B1125a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DDMaIMzXyV8/VS2H_lIjnNI/AAAAAAAABvc/YpeN0JN1qf8/s1600/Plectrodera%2Bscalator%2B1125a.jpg" height="236" width="320" /></a></div>
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The family is common in the Pacific Northwest, and some of
the species are striking. A large black and white one, the cottonwood borer <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Plectrodera scalator</i>, breeds in
cottonwood trees, so look for it along rivers with associated riparian forest. Originally
distributed east of the Rockies, the species has become established in the
Pacific Northwest.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The eggs of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Plectrodera</i>
are laid in the fall, and the larvae bore into the bases of cottonwoods and
willows. They pupate beneath the bark and emerge as adults in 2-3 years. The
larvae may girdle and kill trees and are considered a pest in some areas.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SN4TCZNysjU/VS2IG6CiaiI/AAAAAAAABvk/EM5D3wdZzkU/s1600/Monochamus%2Bscutellatus%2B35752a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SN4TCZNysjU/VS2IG6CiaiI/AAAAAAAABvk/EM5D3wdZzkU/s1600/Monochamus%2Bscutellatus%2B35752a.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The larvae of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Monochamus
scutellatus</i>, the white-spotted sawyer, bore into pines and spruces, and
the adults are attracted to trees that have been burned in forest fires. Apparently the
burned trees release chemicals that attract the beetles from long distances.
The species is considered an economic pest because the boring larvae make the
wood, which might otherwise be harvested, unsightly, as well as allowing access
to fungi. Wood-boring beetles cause the timber industry to lose millions of
dollars annually.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Pz5v7Vh9VSg/VS2IM6yj_5I/AAAAAAAABvs/7DuCYPaEWkA/s1600/Desmocerus%2Baureipennis%2BN2242a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Pz5v7Vh9VSg/VS2IM6yj_5I/AAAAAAAABvs/7DuCYPaEWkA/s1600/Desmocerus%2Baureipennis%2BN2242a.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The elderberry borer <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Desmocerus
auripennis</i> lays its eggs in elderberry bushes. The larvae bore in the stems
just like their larger relatives do in trees. The locust borer <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Megacyllene robiniae</i> is also native to
eastern North America but has spread into the West with the planting of black
locust trees. This and the cottonwood borer are spectacular species, and it’s a
bit disappointing to find out that they came from somewhere else!<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6kluOnVYA_c/VS2ITZt4YAI/AAAAAAAABv0/pRhsG2MYAOM/s1600/Tetraopes%2Btetrophthalmus%2BS15876a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6kluOnVYA_c/VS2ITZt4YAI/AAAAAAAABv0/pRhsG2MYAOM/s1600/Tetraopes%2Btetrophthalmus%2BS15876a.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Check patches of milkweed for milkweed beetles, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tetraopes femoratus</i>. A related eastern species
is shown here. The larvae of these beetles live in milkweed stems, and both
larvae and adults are distasteful because of the chemicals ingested with the
milkweed tissue. The bright red coloration is surely an aposematic
advertisement of this.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9_lE0C2fpgo/VS2IZ-OGd-I/AAAAAAAABv8/aYvQeOoqmqk/s1600/Xestoleptura%2Bbehrensii%2BD12207a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9_lE0C2fpgo/VS2IZ-OGd-I/AAAAAAAABv8/aYvQeOoqmqk/s1600/Xestoleptura%2Bbehrensii%2BD12207a.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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A very large number of species of cerambycids are flower visitors, eating the pollen and probably in some cases effecting pollination even as they destroy the reproductive efforts of the plant. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lepturobosca
chrysocoma</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pseudogaurotina cressoni</i>,
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Xestoleptura behrensii</i> are
examples of this group. Many are brightly colored and tapered behind, perhaps
giving them some resemblance to bees or wasps, especially in flight. By that
mimicry, they fool some avian predators that normally leave stinging hymenopterans
alone.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dennis Paulson<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-8812710065537390032015-03-03T14:33:00.002-08:002015-03-03T14:34:47.245-08:00A WHITE BLACK BIRD<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mTDqdQOvDMU/VPY2BXgeDFI/AAAAAAAABuY/UKrlF8iiSrw/s1600/Black%2BTurnstone%2BF2376.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mTDqdQOvDMU/VPY2BXgeDFI/AAAAAAAABuY/UKrlF8iiSrw/s1600/Black%2BTurnstone%2BF2376.jpg" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I look at a lot of birds every year, and I don’t see many
that are as cool as this one, a leucistic Black Turnstone (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Arenaria melanocephala</i>). This striking bird is wintering at the end
of Sandy Point, north of Bellingham, Washington, in a flock of its relatives,
and I finally got around to checking it out in February. I found the flock
feeding on rocks at the mouth of the marina there.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What a bird! From a distance it looked entirely white, but
at close range elements of the pattern became visible, most of them very
subdued. The more or less straight line across the breast identified it as a
Black rather than a Ruddy Turnstone (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Arenaria
interpres</i>), which has a bilobed pattern of black there. There was also a
Ruddy with the flock.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YvrzgcRAsP0/VPY2NBAqkDI/AAAAAAAABug/qrni0X3WO7E/s1600/Black%2BTurnstone%2BF2389.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YvrzgcRAsP0/VPY2NBAqkDI/AAAAAAAABug/qrni0X3WO7E/s1600/Black%2BTurnstone%2BF2389.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By comparing the bird with a normal Black Turnstone, I could
see how much the melanin pigment was reduced on this bird, yet it wasn’t
entirely absent. The darkest areas of normal pigment were on the rump and tail,
but tan areas all over the bird, most readily seen in flight, gave me a good
hint of typical Black Turnstone pattern.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The bird is definitely leucistic, not albinistic, because it
has normally pigmented eyes. Albinism is the complete absence of melanin pigment.
Because that pigment is what gives brown eyes their color, when it is lacking in
an albino, the blood vessels in the eyes give them a bright red color. Leucism
is a reduction of all pigments, but not necessarily their absence.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MkqV8QkIWQo/VPY2WClWCSI/AAAAAAAABuo/QWWREcsclY4/s1600/Black%2BTurnstone%2BF2486.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MkqV8QkIWQo/VPY2WClWCSI/AAAAAAAABuo/QWWREcsclY4/s1600/Black%2BTurnstone%2BF2486.jpg" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The bird presumably grew most of its feathers in July and
August, the time of fall molt in Black Turnstones, so they were about six
months old in February and showing their age. In comparison with nearby normal
birds, the primary feathers were distinctly more worn. The tertials, the long
feathers that overlie the primaries, were very worn, much more than on the
other birds.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The bright orange legs of this bird contrasted with those of
normal Black Turnstones, in which they are brown to dull orange. Presumably in
normal birds, melanin masks what would be bright orange otherwise. The legs of
Ruddy Turnstones are bright orange, and one wonders whether they would remain
exactly the same in a leucistic bird.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5_4D0L3apCs/VPY2i2qWdxI/AAAAAAAABuw/WCHZ8rqg9Xw/s1600/Black%2BTurnstone%2BF2544.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5_4D0L3apCs/VPY2i2qWdxI/AAAAAAAABuw/WCHZ8rqg9Xw/s1600/Black%2BTurnstone%2BF2544.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Its behavior appeared to be the same as that of the other
birds, and they must have accepted it as a flock member. However, when the
entire flock flew away, startled by a jogger coming down the beach, the white
bird flew in the opposite direction with two of the black ones rather than with
the flock.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Such birds are extremely rare, and I feel fortunate to have
seen this one. One thing special about it is that it could never be mistaken
for another turnstone, thus always recognizable. If we could recognize all
birds individually, we would know a lot more about them!<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5tMgPgIak8I/VPY2rEm57wI/AAAAAAAABu4/JbH1P0BeYj8/s1600/Black%2BTurnstone%2BF2548.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5tMgPgIak8I/VPY2rEm57wI/AAAAAAAABu4/JbH1P0BeYj8/s1600/Black%2BTurnstone%2BF2548.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The white turnstone’s presence is being monitored closely,
so we may know when it has departed for the north, assuming some local falcon
doesn’t pick it out of the flock. It is well known that birds of prey will home
in on odd-looking birds, as they are easiest to follow in a twisting, turning
flock.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If it does persist into spring, local birders will be
watching closely for it late next summer, when Black Turnstones return here
from their breeding grounds in the Yukon/Kuskokwim River delta. Let’s hope it
makes it back.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dennis Paulson<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-17738783810550708362015-01-27T10:32:00.000-08:002015-01-27T10:32:58.778-08:00AN INTIMATE AVIAN EXPERIENCE<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LvQRwOVqbEw/VMfWf_knFiI/AAAAAAAABsI/gThPbZJblj8/s1600/Reifel%2BRefuge%2BG563.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LvQRwOVqbEw/VMfWf_knFiI/AAAAAAAABsI/gThPbZJblj8/s1600/Reifel%2BRefuge%2BG563.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
For a unique and intimate experience with waterfowl and
other birds, visit George C. Reifel Migratory Bird Sanctuary west of Ladner,
British Columbia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Reifel Refuge, as it’s called by many, is a 300<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">-hectare (740</span>-acre) plot of land on
Westham Island on the Fraser River, about an hour’s drive from the metropolis
of Vancouver. George Reifel bought the land in 1927 and established a family
recreational retreat on it, creating waterfowl habitats as well as road access
by a series of dikes and causeways.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ons70rQPkHY/VMfWyjd00NI/AAAAAAAABsQ/-keJqc-DNNs/s1600/ducks%2BA69767.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ons70rQPkHY/VMfWyjd00NI/AAAAAAAABsQ/-keJqc-DNNs/s1600/ducks%2BA69767.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the 1960s, the Reifel family granted a lease to the
British Columbia Waterfowl Society to create a bird sanctuary on the land.
Helped by the management of Ducks Unlimited Canada, wildlife habitat was
preserved and expanded with the provincial government establishing a game
reserve on adjacent land. In 1972, the family further donated and sold the land
to the federal government on the condition that it would be maintained as a
sanctuary.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The government designated part of the sanctuary and the area
adjacent to it, some 328 hectares, as the Alaksen National Wildlife Area. Some
activities are permitted on this land but not the free access to the public
that characterizes the sanctuary.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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The sanctuary charges a nominal entrance fee and is open
from 9 am to 4 pm every day. Sometimes it has quite large crowds, not a place
to go if you want to get away from people for your nature experience. However,
the high density of humans day after day is what has conditioned the birds to
be as unafraid of us as they are.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The sanctuary was set up for waterfowl, and there is always
a good representation of local waterfowl species, both dabbling and diving
ducks. Large numbers of Snow Geese migrate through the adjacent wetlands, some
of them remaining for the winter, and mostly those will be seen overhead moving
between feeding areas. All the ducks present are somewhat used to people and
will furnish close viewing and great photo opportunities.</div>
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There is a small population of resident Sandhill Cranes, most of them not
pinioned, and some of them will feed from the hand. Some of them are good at
gently taking seeds from an open palm, but be aware that you’re taking the
chance of a poke with a sharp beak from those that aren’t. There are also Black-crowned Night-Herons roosting near the entrance to provide good looks at another unexpected species.<br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2iS1IXYVEQs/VMfXV0mjDfI/AAAAAAAABso/HUUAZGLI8-o/s1600/Poecile%2Batricapillus%2B(DP)2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2iS1IXYVEQs/VMfXV0mjDfI/AAAAAAAABso/HUUAZGLI8-o/s1600/Poecile%2Batricapillus%2B(DP)2.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a></div>
There are feeding stations everywhere, and during the winter
they attract great numbers of seed-eating birds, for example Black-capped
Chickadees, Red-winged Blackbirds, Spotted Towhees, Fox, Song, and
Golden-crowned Sparrows, House Finches and House Sparrows. The chickadees are
so tame that anywhere along the trails they will land on your hand if you open
it with sunflower seeds on it. Occasionally a Red-breasted Nuthatch may do the
same.<br />
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Brown Creepers and kinglets are also often seen, and like other birds there are
quite tame. Quite a few other passerines inhabit the patches of woodland, and
unusual visitors are seen with some regularity, for example Bohemian Waxwings
and Pine Grosbeaks recently. And it’s always worth watching for less common
sparrows such as Swamp, Harris’s, and White-throated along the path.<br />
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Because of all the feeders and seeds, rats and mice and
Eastern Gray Squirrels (including the black morph, established in the Vancouver
area) are also attracted to the area, and the local owls know it. A pair of
Great Horned Owls is regularly seen, and there are always Northern Saw-whet
Owls present, if very hard to see in the dense foliage where they roost. Other
species of owls are seen from time to time, and there are usually hawks and
falcons about, interested in the songbirds as well as the rodents.</div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Oak0MH7aEqo/VMfXxTKHHgI/AAAAAAAABs4/R7-a1wu7620/s1600/Great%2BHorned%2BOwl%2BSX29983.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Oak0MH7aEqo/VMfXxTKHHgI/AAAAAAAABs4/R7-a1wu7620/s1600/Great%2BHorned%2BOwl%2BSX29983.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a></div>
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You can buy sunflower seeds at the office and carry them
around to feed to whichever birds you like. You may give them all to
chickadees, as there is something wonderful about one of these tiny birds
landing on your hand. You may be attacked by Mallards before you barely get
going onto the trail, and Mallards are the most abundant and insistent ducks in
the place. But look closely, and among the Mallards there will be at least a
few American Wigeons and a few Northern Pintails.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-366jqYtNSFU/VMfX6HTGegI/AAAAAAAABtA/Q58FtC_3F8M/s1600/Wood%2BDuck%2BA50621.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-366jqYtNSFU/VMfX6HTGegI/AAAAAAAABtA/Q58FtC_3F8M/s1600/Wood%2BDuck%2BA50621.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a></div>
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More than these, there are Wood Ducks scattered around the
area, and they too are interested in handouts if they can get to them before
the omnipresent Mallards. They are shy enough that you’ll have to seek them
out, but one way to feed them is to put seeds on top of fence posts, which the
Wood ducks—tree dwellers that they are—can easily get to. Of course they have
to beat the chickadees and Song Sparrows to them.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Dennis Paulson<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com55tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-77285273028448872222015-01-22T14:16:00.000-08:002015-01-27T09:20:00.802-08:00A COMMUNITY OF SAPSUCKERS<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oSXiEQ6Ohr4/VMFuOtge8cI/AAAAAAAABrM/UB0Ch42bc8g/s1600/Red-breasted%2BSapsucker%2BF0015.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oSXiEQ6Ohr4/VMFuOtge8cI/AAAAAAAABrM/UB0Ch42bc8g/s1600/Red-breasted%2BSapsucker%2BF0015.jpg" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
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North America has the distinction of being the only
continent on which a group of birds has evolved the ability to tap into the sap
of living trees. These are the four species of sapsuckers (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sphyrapicus</i>): Yellow-bellied (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">S.
varius</i>), Red-naped (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">S. nuchalis</i>),
Red-breasted (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">S. ruber</i>) and
Williamson’s (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">S. thyroideus</i>). The first
three replace one another from east to west across North America, while
Williamson’s occurs with both Red-naped and Red-breasted in the West.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sap flows through the xylem and phloem of a tree with a
function rather similar to that of blood in animals. It’s not important in
respiration, as it is in us, but nutrients and other chemicals circulate in it.
It is full of sugars, presumably an important component of its nutritive value.
Phloem sap of deciduous trees can contain concentrations of greater than 25%
sugars in summer.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-woscPTKtfvk/VMF1uzVfZ_I/AAAAAAAABrg/Xlz8qxH_udo/s1600/Abies%2Bpinsapo%2BF0063a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-woscPTKtfvk/VMF1uzVfZ_I/AAAAAAAABrg/Xlz8qxH_udo/s1600/Abies%2Bpinsapo%2BF0063a.jpg" height="320" width="213" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sapsuckers dig holes in the bark of trees to get at this sap.
They dig phloem holes, usually square and shallow, and continue to enlarge and
add to these holes, excavating new ones above the old in a vertical arrangement.
They also dig xylem holes, smaller and usually circular and penetrating the
cambium layer to reach the xylem. These are arranged in horizontal rows. Some
trees show both types of holes, easily distinguished.</div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As soon as these holes are dug, sap begins to flow into
them, and they can then be considered <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sap
wells</i>. They continue to flow while temperatures are sufficiently high, but
when air temperatures drop below freezing, the sap freezes in the wells and is
then inaccessible to the sapsuckers. This is why sapsuckers are the most highly
migratory of woodpeckers. As temperatures drop during the winter, many
Red-breasted Sapsuckers, normally nonmigratory, descend from the mountains to
appear in Pacific Northwest lowlands in numbers.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fj0E6Yn4F8I/VMF2CnC0fTI/AAAAAAAABro/eGnbDv-GLMY/s1600/Red-breasted%2BSapsucker%2BC13258.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fj0E6Yn4F8I/VMF2CnC0fTI/AAAAAAAABro/eGnbDv-GLMY/s1600/Red-breasted%2BSapsucker%2BC13258.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sapsuckers may spend over half of their foraging time constructing
and maintaining their sap wells. They seem to prefer tree species with higher
sucrose content in the sap rather than those in which flow rates are higher. However,
their wells have been found in about 1,000 species of woody plants, native and
introduced.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They also feed on insects attracted to or trapped in the sap
as well as additional arthropods captured on the bark or in the air. They also
take some fruit and leaf buds. Insects are captured to feed the young, but the
adults often stop at sap wells and dip the insects in sap before taking them to
the nest. This may be for added nutritional value or to acclimatize the young
to feeding on sap.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AM0QhRN4gaY/VMFuXcyRijI/AAAAAAAABrU/4zk5MHobiP0/s1600/Red-naped%2BSapsucker%2BA8733.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AM0QhRN4gaY/VMFuXcyRijI/AAAAAAAABrU/4zk5MHobiP0/s1600/Red-naped%2BSapsucker%2BA8733.jpg" height="320" width="213" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Numerous other species find these sap wells nutritious,
including both birds and mammals. In the Pacific Northwest, species that I have
seen coming to the wells include Anna’s and Rufous Hummingbirds, Downy
Woodpeckers, Black-capped Chickadees, Ruby-crowned Kinglets, and Eastern Gray
Squirrels. The wells may be especially important to hummingbirds, some of which
actually follow individual sapsuckers to note the distribution of their wells.
Sapsuckers actively defend their wells against some of these species, but each
sapsucker has so many wells that this isn’t a very productive tactic.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-W2q95DopSUc/VMF2dLo7n8I/AAAAAAAABr4/MC3VS6exlsw/s1600/Ruby-crowned%2BKinglet%2BF0025.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-W2q95DopSUc/VMF2dLo7n8I/AAAAAAAABr4/MC3VS6exlsw/s1600/Ruby-crowned%2BKinglet%2BF0025.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TNzjJ6vsJdg/VMF2TwkUwGI/AAAAAAAABrw/x1jm9BpgW1U/s1600/Selasphorus%2Brufus%2B(GT)20.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TNzjJ6vsJdg/VMF2TwkUwGI/AAAAAAAABrw/x1jm9BpgW1U/s1600/Selasphorus%2Brufus%2B(GT)20.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The fact that there aren’t any sapsucking woodpeckers in the
temperate forests of Eurasia is an elegant example of the idea that not all
niches are filled. But of course sapsucking insects of the order Hemiptera
(true bugs, aphids and their relatives) are everywhere in the world.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dennis Paulson<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-8116399856762286642014-11-07T13:11:00.000-08:002014-11-07T13:11:42.596-08:00BAND-TAILED PIGEON
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-reXMjefQJLI/VF0vqbcQ7II/AAAAAAAABqg/z0SCqCrtKec/s1600/Rock%2BPigeon%2B33239.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-reXMjefQJLI/VF0vqbcQ7II/AAAAAAAABqg/z0SCqCrtKec/s1600/Rock%2BPigeon%2B33239.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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You’ve doubtless seen the pigeons feeding in the city square
or along the freeways roosting on light standards and nesting under the
overpasses. These are Rock Pigeons (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Columba
livia</i>), formerly called Rock Doves, and they are native to Eurasia but have
been introduced all over the world, first as captive birds and then established
in cities, towns and the countryside outside of captivity. They are
rock-dwelling birds that nest on cliffs, and they see our city buildings and
barns as just another kind of cliff.</div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_KumCKP3Sps/VF0vYrR64qI/AAAAAAAABqY/7DoCm2PnX78/s1600/Band-tailed%2BPigeon%2BSX26556.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_KumCKP3Sps/VF0vYrR64qI/AAAAAAAABqY/7DoCm2PnX78/s1600/Band-tailed%2BPigeon%2BSX26556.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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However, we also have a <i>bona fide</i> wild pigeon in the Pacific Northwest, the Band-tailed Pigeon (<i>Patagioenas fasciata</i>). These are birds of the forest, birds that roost in trees and not on buildings. They are common west of the Cascades, occasionally seen on the east side. Many migrate south in autumn, but good numbers persist through the winter in areas where they can find food, both wild and human-provided.</div>
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We are fortunate that Band-tailed Pigeons are easily
attracted to bird feeders with mixed seeds, as they are really quite attractive
birds. They look something like Rock Pigeons but are slightly
longer-tailed and rounder-winged, evident when they fly overhead. They are gray
above, with more reddish underparts and a dark band bordered by a pale tip on
the tail (thus the name). The bill and feet are bright yellow, and there is a
white half-collar on the neck with an iridescent patch of feathers behind it.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gBDI3JpVCNc/VF0xPRtdUyI/AAAAAAAABqs/StXNizRm2d0/s1600/Band-tailed%2BPigeon%2BSX19078.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gBDI3JpVCNc/VF0xPRtdUyI/AAAAAAAABqs/StXNizRm2d0/s1600/Band-tailed%2BPigeon%2BSX19078.jpg" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
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These pigeons are vegetarians with a varied diet. Their
range coincides with the range of oak trees throughout much of the West, and
they eat a lot of acorns. But they also take pine nuts, fruits of all kinds,
seeds of herbaceous plants, especially grains, and a variety of buds and
flowers.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Band-tails build flimsy nests of twigs well up in trees,
averaging about 10 meters but up to 50 meters above the ground. The nest is
usually on a firm limb not far from the trunk. They lay a single egg, quite
unusual among pigeons and doves, which usually lay two. The egg is incubated alternately
by both male and female for about 18 days to hatching.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Both parents produce “pigeon’s milk,” a curdlike substance
that sloughs off from the inner walls of the crop (production mediated by
prolactin, just as in mammalian milk!); this is unique to pigeons. The young bird
(“squab”) remains in the nest for three or more weeks and may be fed by the
adults after it fledges.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zO-5GVOdwCk/VF0xaUCDcqI/AAAAAAAABq0/4NoZQbXKrlg/s1600/Band-tailed%2BPigeon%2BSX29700.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zO-5GVOdwCk/VF0xaUCDcqI/AAAAAAAABq0/4NoZQbXKrlg/s1600/Band-tailed%2BPigeon%2BSX29700.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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There has been an uptick of interest in Band-tailed Pigeons
in recent years. A group of researchers are committed to de-extinction of the
Passenger Pigeon (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ectopistes migratorius</i>),
and they are moving rapidly toward that goal. Their method involves working out
the genomes of both species and the systematic replacement of Band-tailed
Pigeon with Passenger Pigeon genes: “converting viable Band-tailed DNA to
viable Passenger Pigeon DNA.” They have now fully sequenced both species, so
stay tuned!<o:p></o:p></div>
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On October 30, a juvenile Band-tailed Pigeon landed on the feeder right
in front of me, and it looked just enough like a Passenger Pigeon, not seen alive
for over a century, that a chill ran over me.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Dennis Paulson</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-w3Yx1agnWi0/VF0xli3bWdI/AAAAAAAABq8/gxFCdwYCGe4/s1600/Rock%2BPigeon%2BB9683.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-w3Yx1agnWi0/VF0xli3bWdI/AAAAAAAABq8/gxFCdwYCGe4/s1600/Rock%2BPigeon%2BB9683.jpg" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-17175228545481899392014-11-04T10:49:00.002-08:002014-11-07T09:29:04.258-08:00MERGANSERS, THE TOOTHY DUCKS<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-G39SKy6DyRE/VFkdzRsvZlI/AAAAAAAABpI/Kesx247DPuY/s1600/Common%2BMerganser%2BA24155a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-G39SKy6DyRE/VFkdzRsvZlI/AAAAAAAABpI/Kesx247DPuY/s1600/Common%2BMerganser%2BA24155a.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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Mergansers are fish-eating ducks. They are closely related
to Buffleheads and goldeneyes, but because they diverged sharply from their
invertebrate-eating relatives, their anatomy has diverged sharply as well. The main
point of divergence is in the bill. Buffleheads have a normal duck-shaped
bill, only 2-3x as long as wide.</div>
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<o:p> </o:p>A merganser bill, on the other hand, may be 4x as long as
wide. But more than that, the structure of the bill has changed dramatically.
Duck bills have plates or lamellae, fine transverse ridges on the cutting edges
that let water escape from the bill when prey is brought to the surface. In
mergansers, these plates have been modified to produce a saw-toothed effect.
These aren’t true teeth, lacking in birds, but they are very toothlike,
analogous to the teeth of barracudas, needlefish and dolphins, other
fish-catching vertebrates.</div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OUKfScYAL04/VFkd8WRKcKI/AAAAAAAABpQ/nMnEIUnn9nk/s1600/Common%2BMerganser%2BSX29622a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OUKfScYAL04/VFkd8WRKcKI/AAAAAAAABpQ/nMnEIUnn9nk/s1600/Common%2BMerganser%2BSX29622a.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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We have three kinds of mergansers in the Pacific Northwest. Two
of them are in the genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mergus</i>, the
Common Merganser (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M. merganser</i>) and
Red-breasted Merganser (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M. serrator</i>).
Both of them are large ducks, the Common one of our largest. Both have
relatively long, slender bills the edges of which look like saw blades. These
toothy bills are perfectly adapted for capturing slippery fish, and mergansers
feed only on fish.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ucBERRQwog0/VFkeK0VGPOI/AAAAAAAABpY/j2clJxNP3XQ/s1600/Red-breasted%2BMerganser%2BA21598.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ucBERRQwog0/VFkeK0VGPOI/AAAAAAAABpY/j2clJxNP3XQ/s1600/Red-breasted%2BMerganser%2BA21598.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Common breeds in rivers all over the Northwest and
extends its range in winter to lakes and marine environments, especially deep
channels with swift currents. The Red-breasted breeds in the Arctic and
Subarctic and descends on the PNW in the winter, primarily on salt water. It is
one of the common and widespread wintering ducks on Puget Sound.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ywIYGuFPWfc/VFkeXL9xkLI/AAAAAAAABpg/jh0rAlsMcfM/s1600/Red-breasted%2BMerganser%2BSX29661.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ywIYGuFPWfc/VFkeXL9xkLI/AAAAAAAABpg/jh0rAlsMcfM/s1600/Red-breasted%2BMerganser%2BSX29661.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a>Both of these mergansers move around the landscape looking for fish, especially
fish in large schools that are easier to capture than the individual fish that
the ducks encounter most of the time. Thus herrings and sand lance, two of our
common schooling fishes, are often prey. Like other ducks, these mergansers may
be in flocks.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Red-breasted is perhaps even better adapted as a fishing duck than the
Common, as its bill is a bit more slender and cylindrical. The bills of these
two duck species have converged on those of other fish-eaters such as loons,
grebes and cormorants, but none of the latter have the “teeth.”<br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yVT6cENSaaA/VFkekKj1brI/AAAAAAAABpo/FxB9rA5k-r4/s1600/Hooded%2BMerganser%2BS0035.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yVT6cENSaaA/VFkekKj1brI/AAAAAAAABpo/FxB9rA5k-r4/s1600/Hooded%2BMerganser%2BS0035.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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The least modified and smallest of the mergansers is the
Hooded (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lophodytes cucullatus</i>). It is
close enough to the goldeneyes (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bucephala</i>)
to have hybridized with both Common Goldeneye (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B. clangula</i>) and Bufflehead (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B.
albeola</i>) and is considered intermediate between the goldeneyes and the
other mergansers.</div>
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The bill of the Hooded is also intermediate, with the “teeth” rounded or square
and nowhere nearly as impressive as in the other mergansers. The species may
eat as many invertebrates as fishes, especially crustaceans such as crayfish
and aquatic insects. It is much more confined to fresh water than the other
two, but small numbers winter in protected bays.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-r28si2rHndk/VFkfW7H6UhI/AAAAAAAABqA/qYgO0hSjmzo/s1600/Red-breasted%2BMerganser%2BA22066a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-r28si2rHndk/VFkfW7H6UhI/AAAAAAAABqA/qYgO0hSjmzo/s1600/Red-breasted%2BMerganser%2BA22066a.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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All three mergansers have nesting habits like the goldeneye group. Hooded
Mergansers nest in tree holes like Buffleheads and goldeneyes, Common
Mergansers, much larger, need much larger crevices in trees, but like Hooded,
sometimes uses old Pileated Woodpecker holes. On the other hand, Red-breasted
Mergansers nest on the ground, often in the shelter of rocks or fallen trees
adjacent to their preferred breeding wetlands. With their northerly breeding
range, there aren’t many trees big enough for a nest hole!<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Dennis Paulson</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yQ0gFjRg-l8/VFkfly4LxAI/AAAAAAAABqI/TRRcMjdnfDo/s1600/Hooded%2BMerganser%2BA69682.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yQ0gFjRg-l8/VFkfly4LxAI/AAAAAAAABqI/TRRcMjdnfDo/s1600/Hooded%2BMerganser%2BA69682.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-21246638394327458882014-09-23T11:21:00.005-07:002014-09-23T11:21:52.232-07:00URBAN YARDS CAN BE WILDLIFE FRIENDLY
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kpnOPxBYDTs/VCG5Es5pTmI/AAAAAAAABoI/_F0BWTfTH8w/s1600/home%2Bpond%2B(DP)4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kpnOPxBYDTs/VCG5Es5pTmI/AAAAAAAABoI/_F0BWTfTH8w/s1600/home%2Bpond%2B(DP)4.jpg" height="224" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Geneva; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">During their first lab, I used to take the students in my
vertebrate zoology class at the University of Puget Sound on a walk in the
urban wilds. After we had walked a few blocks, I asked them to tell me why we weren't
seeing any wildlife. When someone pointed out that we just saw a squirrel, I
tell them that, sadly enough, this most obvious “wild” mammal isn’t native, nor
are some of the “wild” birds we had seen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tBuxCTc5Jr0/VCG5NwuZovI/AAAAAAAABoQ/0NafTTcwsrQ/s1600/Eastern%2BGray%2BSquirrel%2BA44074.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tBuxCTc5Jr0/VCG5NwuZovI/AAAAAAAABoQ/0NafTTcwsrQ/s1600/Eastern%2BGray%2BSquirrel%2BA44074.jpeg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Geneva; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">But the answer is so obvious that eventually I always got
the response I wanted:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“The habitat is
so different from what it was.” They didn’t know the half of it! Not only do we
cut down the trees, leaving a few token conifers, but we also wipe out the
shrubs and herbs that make up the diverse understory of our forests. Each of
those plant species has <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">insects</i> living
on it, and all those insects disappear with their host plants. Guess the most
important prey for our small wildlife species (amphibians, lizards, many birds
and small mammals). That’s right, insects.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lmf1TYxkHuw/VCG5aU8ly8I/AAAAAAAABoY/Dw72PBViNCk/s1600/Apis%2Bmellifera%2BSX10640a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lmf1TYxkHuw/VCG5aU8ly8I/AAAAAAAABoY/Dw72PBViNCk/s1600/Apis%2Bmellifera%2BSX10640a.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Geneva; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Don’t the cultivated plants we plant in the place of those
we eliminate attract their own insects? Some of them do, but most aren’t
native, and the insects that eat their leaves or pollinate their flowers may
not occur here. And if they do appear, the typical response to them is a
liberal application of pesticides. But it’s worse—most people favor evergreen plants
such as rhododendrons and junipers that produce insect-deterring chemicals in
their leaves and are thus relatively pest-free. Most evergreens fall in this
category. And yes, I know honey bees aren't native, but they seem important in the pollination of many flowers, as our native bees have declined.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GfC7q8LmPno/VCG5qYTOdwI/AAAAAAAABog/q7l_ytCgtU4/s1600/Taraxacum%2Bofficinale%2BSX20336a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GfC7q8LmPno/VCG5qYTOdwI/AAAAAAAABog/q7l_ytCgtU4/s1600/Taraxacum%2Bofficinale%2BSX20336a.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Geneva; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">And the final habitat constraint most of us apply is
instead of letting a great variety of (admittedly weedy) herbaceous plants
become established in our yards, we literally mow ‘em down. If you watch your
yard, you’ll see that the rare dandelions that go to seed are immediately
attractive to any seed-eating birds in the neighborhood. But how many of us
sanction this sacrilegious seed set? However we view them, seeds are the
primary diet for many small birds and mammals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fv_8JL3zw7o/VCG50IX9PtI/AAAAAAAABoo/ZGULQ-QTSx4/s1600/Varied%2BThrush%2BA51275.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fv_8JL3zw7o/VCG50IX9PtI/AAAAAAAABoo/ZGULQ-QTSx4/s1600/Varied%2BThrush%2BA51275.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Geneva; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">So my answer is “Don’t do as your neighbors do.” If you’re
like most of us and don’t live on a ten-acre lot with real habitat, do your best
to simulate it. Remember two important food groups, seeds and insects. Plant
native trees and shrubs, especially deciduous ones, which are more attractive
to insects. Plant native flowers attractive to pollinating butterflies, bees
and hummingbirds. Fruits are also important foods for many birds and mammals;
plant plenty of fruiting trees and shrubs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Geneva; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Don’t put any kind of biocides in your yard; save the
aphids! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6FwjuOSdqls/VCG6ACJm8EI/AAAAAAAABow/_W3gXYryF-c/s1600/American%2BRobin%2BA4803.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6FwjuOSdqls/VCG6ACJm8EI/AAAAAAAABow/_W3gXYryF-c/s1600/American%2BRobin%2BA4803.jpg" height="242" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Geneva; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Leave a swatch of lawn unmown. Don’t rake up all the leaves
and throw them away each fall; let them stay on at least part of your yard.
Several of our wintering birds forage by turning over dead leaves, which
shelter seeds from the summer before as well as a multitude of small arthropods
and worms. Make a brush pile in one corner of the yard; songbirds love to
shelter in it. Add a pond or fountain. You’ll be amazed at the wildlife habitat
you’ve made.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-u0GbLQi8-wo/VCG6LgQjelI/AAAAAAAABo4/uw0Xah0qzCg/s1600/backyard%2Bjungle%2BSX26619.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-u0GbLQi8-wo/VCG6LgQjelI/AAAAAAAABo4/uw0Xah0qzCg/s1600/backyard%2Bjungle%2BSX26619.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Geneva; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Geneva; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Geneva; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Dennis Paulson<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-52242714518598149992014-08-26T10:35:00.004-07:002014-08-26T10:35:53.773-07:00PELAGIC BIRDS ARE OUT THERE
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-z8I6ZaK-DjY/U_zErPY9UkI/AAAAAAAABmI/T-r4OmH6f50/s1600/Black-footed%2BAlbatross%2BA41883.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-z8I6ZaK-DjY/U_zErPY9UkI/AAAAAAAABmI/T-r4OmH6f50/s1600/Black-footed%2BAlbatross%2BA41883.jpg" height="241" width="320" /></a></div>
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Most people have heard of albatrosses; few people have seen
them. But every summer they are common offshore visitors to the Pacific
Northwest. Boat trips out of Westport, Washington, and Newport, Oregon, go out
20-30 miles and can dependably find albatrosses and a host of other pelagic
birds. Pelagic means “out of sight of land,” and there are a lot of pelagic
birds. Because birds can fly, they roam all over the ocean’s surface in search
of food.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TadjUtDYjZg/U_zE18cSroI/AAAAAAAABmQ/o4uFaSqiNPI/s1600/albatrosses%2C%2Bfulmars%2BA42299.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TadjUtDYjZg/U_zE18cSroI/AAAAAAAABmQ/o4uFaSqiNPI/s1600/albatrosses%2C%2Bfulmars%2BA42299.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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Of course, all birds lay their eggs in nests on land or
floating in freshwater wetlands, so you wouldn’t think they would wander far
out in the ocean, but in fact they do. Many species fly thousands of miles when
they are away from their breeding grounds for half the year or more.
Black-footed Albatrosses breed in the Leeward Hawaiian Islands, but they roam
to our coast, 3000 miles away, when not at home. Even more astonishing, when
feeding young a Laysan Albatross may fly from the same islands up to Alaska’s
Aleutian Islands, 1500 miles away, on a single multi-day foraging trip!<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lEd0Rr30_7I/U_zE8rqe4yI/AAAAAAAABmY/DwaT_kefjGE/s1600/Sooty%2BShearwater%2BA74966.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lEd0Rr30_7I/U_zE8rqe4yI/AAAAAAAABmY/DwaT_kefjGE/s1600/Sooty%2BShearwater%2BA74966.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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Sooty Shearwaters fly several tens of thousands of miles on
their migrations from their breeding grounds in New Zealand to their wintering
grounds in the North Pacific, taking an extended figure-8 path that has them
flying counter-clockwise around the North Pacific. Meanwhile, Pink-footed
Shearwaters make almost as long a flight from islands off the coast of Chile.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HEQ3QCZVQw0/U_zFEIU0LnI/AAAAAAAABmg/x9FVkNdqpfo/s1600/Northern%2BFulmar%2BB13564.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HEQ3QCZVQw0/U_zFEIU0LnI/AAAAAAAABmg/x9FVkNdqpfo/s1600/Northern%2BFulmar%2BB13564.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Northern Fulmars that visit us, on the other hand, breed
in islands in and around the Bering Sea, so they have to fly south to approach
our coast. The Fork-tailed Storm-Petrels we see offshore come from much closer
at hand, the string of islands that stretch along the outer coast from off Cape
Flattery to off Point Grenville.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-U4YrnJ2P4a0/U_zFLLoV1fI/AAAAAAAABmo/GM4vHFStW0s/s1600/Fork-tailed%2BStorm-Petrel%2BA42648.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-U4YrnJ2P4a0/U_zFLLoV1fI/AAAAAAAABmo/GM4vHFStW0s/s1600/Fork-tailed%2BStorm-Petrel%2BA42648.jpg" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
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All of these birds are in the order Procellariiformes,
called “tube-noses,” because of their tubular nostrils. Members of this group
all take their food from on or near the ocean’s surface. Some of them skim the
surface, others dive down to several meters or more. They all feed on fishes,
squids, and planktonic crustaceans—the larger the bird, the larger the prey.
And they all have an excellent sense of smell, which helps them find smelly
prey at sea and their nest site back on their home island.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JoGNJa96osM/U_zFS7GryaI/AAAAAAAABmw/GtpZ97nO2mU/s1600/Pink-footed%2BShearwater%2BA42220.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JoGNJa96osM/U_zFS7GryaI/AAAAAAAABmw/GtpZ97nO2mU/s1600/Pink-footed%2BShearwater%2BA42220.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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These birds are supremely adapted for flying very long
distances. Their long, narrow wings are perfect gliding surfaces. With any air
movement at all, the larger species surf the wind, rising into it with the lift
it provides, then falling off to the side to gain speed to turn and rise up
again. Watch them on a windy day to see their roller-coaster flight over the
ocean. And if you’re seasick-prone, you don’t have to go out on a boat. At
times in summer you can see Sooty Shearwaters from shore in astronomical
numbers.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BIaUgh6vt8g/U_zFYglEczI/AAAAAAAABm4/0qtMa0FGrxk/s1600/Puffinus%2Bgriseus%2B(DP)7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BIaUgh6vt8g/U_zFYglEczI/AAAAAAAABm4/0qtMa0FGrxk/s1600/Puffinus%2Bgriseus%2B(DP)7.jpg" height="241" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Dennis Paulson<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-70173224296692946812014-07-22T11:09:00.000-07:002014-07-22T11:20:02.038-07:00WATCH OUT, IT STINGS—OR DOES IT?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Qfb-1T3r1lA/U86ngFjwOlI/AAAAAAAABlI/62stfZSJWCI/s1600/Vespula+pensylvanica+SX9021a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Qfb-1T3r1lA/U86ngFjwOlI/AAAAAAAABlI/62stfZSJWCI/s1600/Vespula+pensylvanica+SX9021a.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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We all know when yellowjacket season rolls around, with pesky
wasps that bother us on every picnic. You can usually chase them away easily,
but they come back again and again. They are relatively innocuous when you’re trying
to give them the brush-off, but don’t ever disturb one of their nests in the
ground!<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-APevdomVGyg/U86nnZh28II/AAAAAAAABlU/KKumBLDCUgQ/s1600/Vespula+pensylvanica+SX10279a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-APevdomVGyg/U86nnZh28II/AAAAAAAABlU/KKumBLDCUgQ/s1600/Vespula+pensylvanica+SX10279a.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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Western yellowjackets (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vespula
pensylvanica</i>) are members of the insect order Hymenoptera, the bees and
wasps. Other wasps that are common in our area are bald-faced hornets (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dolichovespula maculata</i>), bigger and
fiercer than the yellowjackets and with a big turnip-shaped paper nest up in
the trees; and introduced European paper wasps (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Polistes dominula</i>), with a much smaller paper nest with chambers
open below.</div>
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All these species have in common a black and yellow or black
and white banded abdomen. That coloration is common in wasps and bees and is
thought to be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aposematic</i> (Greek ‘away
sign’), a word used to denote a warning coloration. “Don’t mess with me” is a
loose translation.</div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WRTDxgtoDD4/U86oVHIicTI/AAAAAAAABlg/KLzekIo9iDU/s1600/Polistes+dominula+B9747a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WRTDxgtoDD4/U86oVHIicTI/AAAAAAAABlg/KLzekIo9iDU/s1600/Polistes+dominula+B9747a.jpg" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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Some birds, for example kingbirds, are able to take stinging
insects in their stride, catching them in flight and beating them to death,
even squeezing out their stinger, but a lot of animals doubtless leave them
alone because they pack such a punch at the end of their abdomen. The warning
coloration assures that they are safe either because the predator species has a
genetic memory of them or has tried to capture one previously and was stung by
it, a much more immediate memory!</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bIth_V2qqto/U86odGVRH3I/AAAAAAAABlo/xpTklH4iatI/s1600/Polistes+sp+C276a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bIth_V2qqto/U86odGVRH3I/AAAAAAAABlo/xpTklH4iatI/s1600/Polistes+sp+C276a.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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As these wasps move through our environment, relatively
impervious to predation, other insects have benefitted by evolving coloration,
shape, and even wing sound that mimic the wasps. Most of them in our area are
flies (Diptera), especially hover flies of the family Syrphidae. Here are a few of them. They look very much like the wasps as they fly around, and even seasoned entomologists often have to look closely. I for one have grabbed what I thought was a fly from an insect net and been stung for my mistake.</div>
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By mimicking stinging wasps and bees, these so-called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Batesian</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mimics</i> (from Henry Bates, early student of this phenomenon) gain
protection from predators, mostly birds, that mistake them for their models and
leave them alone. It must work very well, as there are so many kinds of flies that mimic wasps. There are also grasshoppers, beetlees, moths, and other insects that do the same, especially in the tropics, where there are so many more species of insects and so many more birds that eat them.<o:p></o:p><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-85KcjCSrqy4/U86oqvXfJLI/AAAAAAAABl4/9Snguh6UXTo/s1600/Syrphus+S27657.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-85KcjCSrqy4/U86oqvXfJLI/AAAAAAAABl4/9Snguh6UXTo/s1600/Syrphus+S27657.jpg" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
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A study done in Illinois that involved extensive collecting
of model Hymenoptera and mimic Diptera showed that the mimics are common in the
spring, when adult birds are present as predators, but virtually absent during
the period in midsummer when young birds are fledging. Some of them appear
again in fall. The authors speculated that the mimic flight seasons were
adjusted to miss the time when young, naïve birds were everywhere, birds that
wouldn’t know enough not to catch them!<o:p></o:p></div>
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Dennis Paulson <o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-56716970798131372512014-07-08T15:57:00.000-07:002014-07-08T15:57:32.140-07:00THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST IS SLUG COUNTRY<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GICcqopiBck/U7x2xEYNI9I/AAAAAAAABiY/dwtcYOrAQZw/s1600/Arion+ater+rufus+A68344a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GICcqopiBck/U7x2xEYNI9I/AAAAAAAABiY/dwtcYOrAQZw/s1600/Arion+ater+rufus+A68344a.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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With our very wet climate (favorable for terrestrial
mollusks) and our relatively acid soils (not so favorable for forming snail
shells), we furnish great habitat for slugs.</div>
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The ones most of us see are garden slugs (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Arion ater</i>). This slug, native to
northern Europe, comes in two forms, a black and a reddish one. Long thought to
be subspecies of one another, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Arion ater
ater</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Arion ater rufus</i>, they
have recently been split as two separate species <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Arion ater</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Arion rufus</i>.
Unfortunately for the field worker, both of them come in a great variety of
colors and can only be distinguished by dissection or molecular analysis.</div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RKtsopd-d6A/U7x241YMAjI/AAAAAAAABig/gSXTJ4WHFyA/s1600/Arion+ater+ater+(DP).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RKtsopd-d6A/U7x241YMAjI/AAAAAAAABig/gSXTJ4WHFyA/s1600/Arion+ater+ater+(DP).jpg" height="218" width="320" /></a></div>
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So we’ll just call them all garden slugs. They have proven to be very
successful imports to our region but aren’t well liked by gardeners because of
their predilection for garden plants. In fact, it’s the easiest thing in the
world to go online to find out how to get rid of slugs. I am choosing to extol
their virtues, perhaps the most important one just to familiarize people with
slugs.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Our big native slug is the banana slug, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ariolimax columbianus</i>. After a European species that grows to a
foot (30 centimeters) in length, ours is the second largest in the world,
reaching lengths of 25 centimeters. Four of these in a cup would weigh a pound!
Rarely are such monsters seen, though; most that we encounter are in the range
of 10-15 centimeters, just a bit larger than the much more familiar garden
slugs.<br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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But walk into a mature wet forest, and if it’s a moist day, you are likely to
find lots of banana slugs. They come in a variety of colors, from white to
plain yellow to heavily spotted with black. There must be some genetic
differences among these color types, as often all the ones you see in one spot
look about the same.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The big hole on the right side of these slugs is the
pneumostome (breathing hole). An active slug shows two eyestalks above that
detect light or movement and two tentacles below that are chemosensitive. They
have mucous glands all over the body that keep them protected from dehydration
and that can lay down a trail for easier locomotion.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2_2mvs2gA0c/U7x3KJSUFpI/AAAAAAAABiw/zaMciZHgxls/s1600/Ariolimax+columbianus+(DP)3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2_2mvs2gA0c/U7x3KJSUFpI/AAAAAAAABiw/zaMciZHgxls/s1600/Ariolimax+columbianus+(DP)3.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Most slugs are herbivorous, feeding directly on plant tissue
(garden slugs) or on detritus and mushrooms (banana slug). The leopard slug (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Limax maximus</i>), a large pale brown,
black-spotted species that is also introduced in our region, feeds on other
slugs as well as detritus and garden plants. In turn, garter snakes and ducks
eat a lot of slugs, apparently able to combat the mucous that protects them
from many other predators.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Slugs are hermaphrodites, both sexes present in the same
animal, and when they mate each one contributes sperm to the other. The lack of
separate sexes may make sense in slow-moving animals that might have trouble
finding a mate. In this case, every slug encountered would be a potential mate,
not every other one!<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dennis Paulson<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-83524459511001217722014-02-12T10:20:00.000-08:002014-02-12T10:21:16.949-08:00SEA STARS WINKING OUT<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8n1TG3XHdWY/Uvu6X9np0tI/AAAAAAAABhY/WCLzPVU99Eg/s1600/Pycnopodia+helianthoides+P5210a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8n1TG3XHdWY/Uvu6X9np0tI/AAAAAAAABhY/WCLzPVU99Eg/s1600/Pycnopodia+helianthoides+P5210a.jpeg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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Sea stars (you may know them as starfish) are prominent
features of the marine environment all over the world. They are especially
prominent in Pacific Northwest waters, where our species are among the largest,
most diverse and best studied. In fact, the Pacific Northwest marine
environment shelters the highest diversity of this group (class Asteroidea,
phylum Echinodermata) anywhere in the world.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Perhaps this prominence made even more startling the
discovery in 2013 that sea stars were dying off in great numbers in our waters.
Sunflower stars (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pycnopodia helianthoides</i>)
were the first to be discovered. This largest of all sea stars is a top-level
predator in our intertidal zone, eating just about everything smaller than it,
so its disappearance could have profound ecological effects.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vU0D8D1SI-s/Uvu6enbCm9I/AAAAAAAABhg/-716al-Q0cU/s1600/PIsaster+ochraceus+G9434a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vU0D8D1SI-s/Uvu6enbCm9I/AAAAAAAABhg/-716al-Q0cU/s1600/PIsaster+ochraceus+G9434a.jpeg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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Just as important and much more abundant, the ochre sea star
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pisaster ochraceus</i>) has long been
known to control the distribution of mussels in the intertidal zone. By preying
upon them in the lower intertidal and thus opening up substrates that would
otherwise be completely covered by mussels, the sea stars provide habitat for
many other species. The ochre sea star has been called a <i>keystone species</i>
because of its importance. This species too has been dying off, in many cases
completely disappearing from areas where it was once abundant.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
These echinoderms are dying from sea star wasting disease,
which causes the animal to deteriorate rapidly. Lesions form on the outer
surface, and the arms begin to writhe around and eventually pull loose,
spilling the internal organs. Death follows very soon, the animal turning to
mush. This is a horrible thing to see, and you’ll have to go online elsewhere
to see photos of it, as this is a family blog.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1JJGIaWPxM8/Uvu6khLxAAI/AAAAAAAABho/Do_xRyv1ZLY/s1600/Solaster+stimpsoni+G2943a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1JJGIaWPxM8/Uvu6khLxAAI/AAAAAAAABho/Do_xRyv1ZLY/s1600/Solaster+stimpsoni+G2943a.jpeg" height="273" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Other sea stars known to be affected include the sun stars (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Solaster</i> spp.). Some common species seem
to be less affected or perhaps not at all, for example the blood star (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Henricia leviuscula</i>), leather star (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dermasterias imbricata</i>) and bat star (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Patiria miniata</i>). Why would this be?
Like everything else about this puzzle, no one knows.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rz92SUucS4o/Uvu6vCPPDfI/AAAAAAAABhw/GzykS6LWcsQ/s1600/Dermasterias+imbricata+G7743a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rz92SUucS4o/Uvu6vCPPDfI/AAAAAAAABhw/GzykS6LWcsQ/s1600/Dermasterias+imbricata+G7743a.jpeg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The animals are being monitored in many areas now, both from
shore and under water, and as spring comes and the intertidal begins to be
exposed more during the daytime, it will be even easier to determine the fates
of sea star populations all along the coast. Divers and remote underwater
cameras have reported mass mortality in numerous places, with sea stars going
from common to virtually absent in a shockingly short time, as if an epidemic
swept through them en masse. Their dermal ossicles (the only hard part of a sea
star) litter the bottom in some areas where they were once common.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kSI73x-86d4/Uvu6_VMchxI/AAAAAAAABiA/r7llEO-3AjA/s1600/Patiria+miniata+SX16816a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kSI73x-86d4/Uvu6_VMchxI/AAAAAAAABiA/r7llEO-3AjA/s1600/Patiria+miniata+SX16816a.jpeg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9OQr7ABh_Q0/Uvu62Fa2UQI/AAAAAAAABh4/6CzCoFmLevs/s1600/Henricia+leviuscula+P5695a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9OQr7ABh_Q0/Uvu62Fa2UQI/AAAAAAAABh4/6CzCoFmLevs/s1600/Henricia+leviuscula+P5695a.jpeg" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dead and dying animals have been brought into several
laboratories, where efforts are being made to determine what pathogen(s) might
be causing this disease. Earlier die-offs of sea stars were blamed on higher
than usual ocean temperatures, but that’s not the case now. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So far, no bacterium or virus has been incriminated in these
searches, but the search goes on. Stay tuned for more about this ongoing and
very disconcerting drama.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dennis Paulson<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-34339896535407019282014-01-23T16:37:00.000-08:002014-01-28T09:44:01.592-08:00WHITE PELICAN—ANOTHER SUCCESS STORY<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QPmVSzquOjU/UuG0lxpBUzI/AAAAAAAABgg/f-rTSzQpnn8/s1600/American+White+Pelican+A26874.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QPmVSzquOjU/UuG0lxpBUzI/AAAAAAAABgg/f-rTSzQpnn8/s1600/American+White+Pelican+A26874.jpeg" height="241" width="320" /></a></div>
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Just as happened with their cousins the Brown Pelicans,
American White Pelican populations fluctuated greatly during the 20<sup>th</sup>
Century. Having bred at Moses Lake and probably Sprague Lake in the interior of
Washington early in the century, by the middle of it they had disappeared from
the state as a breeding bird.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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As the second half of the century crept along, these
pelicans remained in the state as nonbreeding visitors, sometimes as many as
hundreds of them at fish-rich lakes of the Columbia Basin. Oddly, there is no
evidence that American White Pelicans suffered from DDT poisoning as did North
American Brown Pelicans. So there must have been other reasons for a general
decline in their populations, and human disturbance of breeding colonies is
considered a very likely factor.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bGFBJqqSKYk/UuG0xro3kfI/AAAAAAAABgo/1gRZ9R3K_c8/s1600/American+White+Pelican+D10623.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bGFBJqqSKYk/UuG0xro3kfI/AAAAAAAABgo/1gRZ9R3K_c8/s1600/American+White+Pelican+D10623.jpeg" height="241" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
However, late in the century a turn-around was observed, and
White Pelican populations began to increase all across the range of the
species. In the 1990s, a few breeding colonies were discovered along the
Columbia River in the Tri-Cities area. The primary one now is on Badger Island
in McNary National Wildlife Refuge, where as many as 1,000 pairs have bred. An
injured flightless Bald Eagle spent the summer of 2013 there, and the pelican
population may have suffered from that.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gjRZQqtXfug/UuG1BRFScBI/AAAAAAAABgw/gF_EajN0ksE/s1600/American+White+Pelican+A57206.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gjRZQqtXfug/UuG1BRFScBI/AAAAAAAABgw/gF_EajN0ksE/s1600/American+White+Pelican+A57206.jpeg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 2010, a small colony formed on Miller Sands Spit, in the
Lower Columbia River, reaching a few hundred pairs by 2012. The Army Corp of
Engineers covered the nesting area with dredge spoil that fall, but small
numbers continued to be seen the next summer.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A great number of nonbreeding birds, up to a few thousand,
occur in the state every summer along the Columbia River and some of its
tributaries. It would have been unheard of to see White Pelicans in the Yakima
River 20 years ago, but now they feed all along its length. Small numbers even
spend the winter along the Lower Columbia River, something never observed before the
last few years.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2sb4iBypsLs/UuG1NCsCbSI/AAAAAAAABg4/fcp9F-SOxPk/s1600/American+White+Pelican+SX3162.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2sb4iBypsLs/UuG1NCsCbSI/AAAAAAAABg4/fcp9F-SOxPk/s1600/American+White+Pelican+SX3162.jpeg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The species has increased all over the continent in recent
years. Counts made in 1998-2001 totaled about twice as many birds as in
1979-1981. Those counts, now 15 years old, estimated over 150,000 birds, a
respectable number of individuals for a very large bird such as this. And the
estimate is conservative, as some known colonies were not surveyed. Further
surveys are to be carried out.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6kq_Zx8coBk/UuG1XrBhgZI/AAAAAAAABhA/acKM4ca5BsY/s1600/American+White+Pelican+A44796.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6kq_Zx8coBk/UuG1XrBhgZI/AAAAAAAABhA/acKM4ca5BsY/s1600/American+White+Pelican+A44796.jpeg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
Brown Pelicans and their close relative Peruvian Pelicans are both confined to the
marine environment. They forage by flying, often in small flocks, well above the
water surface and diving into it when prey are sighted. American White Pelicans,
on the other hand, feed like other species of pelicans all over the world.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
American White Pelicans spend much time on fresh water, although they are
equally at home on salt water, and large numbers winter coastally. When
foraging, several birds move through shallow water, dipping the bill in the water rapidly
to capture nearby fish. Sometimes a whole line of birds forms and moves forward
steadily, individuals dipping their bills one after another as they herd
schools of fishes ahead of them.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WlJfbEGLEQU/UuG1mQ41KCI/AAAAAAAABhI/Gih_nYcaV8Q/s1600/American+White+Pelican+SX4136.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WlJfbEGLEQU/UuG1mQ41KCI/AAAAAAAABhI/Gih_nYcaV8Q/s1600/American+White+Pelican+SX4136.jpeg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
Like gulls and other fish-eating birds, they also collect at dam spillways
where their prey is delivered to them, often too stunned to escape. Dams are usually not good for fish but often good for birds!<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Dennis Paulson<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-54026011053318080492014-01-15T09:12:00.000-08:002014-01-28T09:41:23.123-08:00BROWN PELICANS IN WASHINGTON<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eBqzFmC7U1Y/Uta_jyd4LrI/AAAAAAAABfc/WlE4xcFOqsM/s1600/Brown+Pelican+A17265.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eBqzFmC7U1Y/Uta_jyd4LrI/AAAAAAAABfc/WlE4xcFOqsM/s320/Brown+Pelican+A17265.jpeg" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When I moved to Washington in 1967, Brown Pelicans were rare
in the state. Formerly common and widespread on all coasts of the US, their
populations had crashed over a period of decades. Only after some time and much
research did the cause become clear. Beginning soon after the Second World War,
DDT was developed as the first of the modern synthetic pesticides. Within a
short time, it had been liberally applied to crops all over the continent and
to settled areas to combat the mosquitoes that transmitted diseases such as
malaria.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BaFC5iHSmJw/Uta_yk2NuYI/AAAAAAAABfk/MLpKomexvF4/s1600/Brown+Pelican+47651.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BaFC5iHSmJw/Uta_yk2NuYI/AAAAAAAABfk/MLpKomexvF4/s320/Brown+Pelican+47651.jpeg" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
DDT accumulates in tissues and becomes concentrated as it
passes up the food chain. Fish picked it up from the water and passed it on to
the pelicans that ate them, concentrating the chemical in pelicans more and
more. One of its byproducts, DDE, interferes with calcium metabolism and as a
consequence, the birds weren’t able to produce sufficient calcium for their
eggshells. The thin-shelled eggs cracked when the adults attempted to incubate
them, and reproductive success dropped precipitously all around our coasts.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KzjoU_JcGqw/UtbAFnqp45I/AAAAAAAABfs/RZ4SgwZPSdM/s1600/Brown+Pelican+A41725.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KzjoU_JcGqw/UtbAFnqp45I/AAAAAAAABfs/RZ4SgwZPSdM/s320/Brown+Pelican+A41725.jpeg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The consequences of using this pesticide became so obvious
that in 1972 the Environmental Protection Agency banned its use in the US. Fish
took up less of it, eventually pelicans were pretty much free of it, and their
nesting success improved greatly.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By the end of the 20<sup>th</sup> Century, Brown Pelicans
had become common again on the Pacific coast and were coming up to Northwest
waters in numbers never seen before. Now thousands of them visit our outer
coast every summer to take advantage of fish populations apparently greater
than those around their breeding grounds in southern California and Mexico. A
small number of birds make their way all the way down to southern Puget Sound,
and a few even stay through the winter now.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-G_SEx2Rz4_A/UtbAOOX4IWI/AAAAAAAABf0/nDLF_uOs2VE/s1600/Brown+Pelican+A41594.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-G_SEx2Rz4_A/UtbAOOX4IWI/AAAAAAAABf0/nDLF_uOs2VE/s320/Brown+Pelican+A41594.jpeg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Our pelicans are a good mixture of adult birds with white
heads and dark underparts and juveniles with brown heads and white underparts.
They roost in large flocks on sand islands, jetties and piers and launch into
the air to feed after long sessions of resting and preening.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Qh97MVZbfIc/UtbAW2AHB-I/AAAAAAAABf8/RD0_A2PAKfY/s1600/Brown+Pelican+7317.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Qh97MVZbfIc/UtbAW2AHB-I/AAAAAAAABf8/RD0_A2PAKfY/s320/Brown+Pelican+7317.jpeg" height="244" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This unmistakable bird is an aerial plunge diver. Single
pelicans, sometimes in groups, fly several meters above the water and, when
they spot a fish or school of fish below, they fold their wings and drop like a
plummet, piercing the water with their long bill and almost completely
submerging. When the bill reaches one or more fish, it opens and water rushes
into the huge pouch. The pelican lifts its head and lets the water drain out,
keeping the fish inside to be swallowed.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7UvmxJKM4CQ/UtbAxlUD2-I/AAAAAAAABgM/cP4CefUT0Ig/s1600/Brown+Pelican+A4717.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7UvmxJKM4CQ/UtbAxlUD2-I/AAAAAAAABgM/cP4CefUT0Ig/s320/Brown+Pelican+A4717.jpeg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vaBr5SWfsFU/UtbAjmM9TiI/AAAAAAAABgE/PMQ3A9RvQMU/s1600/Brown+Pelican+7291.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vaBr5SWfsFU/UtbAjmM9TiI/AAAAAAAABgE/PMQ3A9RvQMU/s320/Brown+Pelican+7291.jpeg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Heermann’s Gulls, breeding in the Gulf of California, also
move north along the Pacific coast, becoming common in Washington waters while
the pelicans are here and then moving south again in late fall.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nwBReHJ-3ng/UtbBBK_7UdI/AAAAAAAABgU/kCw2CD3joOc/s1600/Brown+Pelican+7300.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nwBReHJ-3ng/UtbBBK_7UdI/AAAAAAAABgU/kCw2CD3joOc/s320/Brown+Pelican+7300.jpeg" height="243" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When a pelican
dives, it may be accompanied by one or more of these kleptoparasitic gulls. If
a fish falls out of a pelican pouch, a gull is often there to grab it.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dennis Paulson<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-40977478439591297982013-11-26T15:16:00.000-08:002013-11-26T15:23:11.912-08:00RETURN OF THE JUNCOS<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0XVVwIyZ67Q/UpUpvKlqfiI/AAAAAAAABek/Mwa_P-Ymnw0/s1600/Dark-eyed+Junco+A23754.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0XVVwIyZ67Q/UpUpvKlqfiI/AAAAAAAABek/Mwa_P-Ymnw0/s320/Dark-eyed+Junco+A23754.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
People who feed birds in the Pacific Northwest look forward
to the return of flocks of Dark-eyed Juncos (<i>Junco hyemalis</i>) to their feeders every year. Great
numbers of them descend on our towns and cities each fall, both from our own
mountain conifer forests, where they are abundant breeders, and from similar
habitats farther north.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Juncos are great birds to show social interactions.
Aggression between individuals is usually expressed by flicking the tail,
exposing the white outer feathers and by using the sharp, metallic <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">chip</i> call. By watching a flock around a
feeder, you can learn a lot about dominance hierarchies. The dominant bird
sleeks its plumage, extends its neck and moves toward the subordinate one. If
the subordinate bird does not retreat, a peck may occur, or even a brief
flight.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--GePpI3b5Lg/UpUp6duqGGI/AAAAAAAABes/ubs-hv2Cu28/s1600/Dark-eyed+Junco+A22428.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--GePpI3b5Lg/UpUp6duqGGI/AAAAAAAABes/ubs-hv2Cu28/s320/Dark-eyed+Junco+A22428.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Years ago, when it was noticed that chickens exhibited
aggressive behavior around food, researchers discovered that each chicken had a
place in a dominance hierarchy. It was called “pecking order,” as chicken A
would peck every other bird in the flock to displace it from food. Chicken B
would peck every other bird but chicken A, etc. Poor Chicken F, at the bottom
of the pecking order, was destined to feed only when all the other birds were
satiated.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VNNkzki8MFg/UpUqCiP3RjI/AAAAAAAABe4/lfudro4VbXM/s1600/Dark-eyed+Junco+S19703.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VNNkzki8MFg/UpUqCiP3RjI/AAAAAAAABe4/lfudro4VbXM/s320/Dark-eyed+Junco+S19703.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This dominance hierarchy has subsequently been found to be
typical of flocking birds. You only have to watch a flock for a while to see it
at work. Dark-eyed Juncos have been extensively studied, and it turns out that
males are dominant to females and adults to immatures. Dominance is related to hood
color, the pink bill standing out dramatically against a black (male) or gray
(female, immature) hood. In such a highly social bird one can easily see how
this color pattern would have evolved from ancestral sparrows with their more
subdued and camouflaged patterns.</div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Interestingly, there seems to be little cost to being
subordinate, as several studies showed that subordinate birds survived through
the winter as well as dominant ones.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jtGiF3HEYfs/UpUqL3dy5TI/AAAAAAAABfA/OCF2OYIseD4/s1600/Dark-eyed+Junco+A57139.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jtGiF3HEYfs/UpUqL3dy5TI/AAAAAAAABfA/OCF2OYIseD4/s320/Dark-eyed+Junco+A57139.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Our common birds are what used to be called Oregon Juncos
when five species were recognized. Males have black hoods, rich brown backs and
buffy sides. Females are similar but with gray hoods. All five have been lumped
into a single species now, the Dark-eyed Junco. North of here, in the boreal
forests of Alaska and Canada, juncos have dark gray hoods with gray sides and
gray are brown backs. These are called Slate-colored Juncos. It’s easy to
distinguish them because the hood and sides are the same color. Watch for them
at your feeders.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-H7YceJlWRi4/UpUrRhdpivI/AAAAAAAABfM/mrT4KPwhyME/s1600/Dark-eyed+Junco+A30553.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-H7YceJlWRi4/UpUrRhdpivI/AAAAAAAABfM/mrT4KPwhyME/s320/Dark-eyed+Junco+A30553.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; clear: left; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;">Juncos typically build nests on the ground, well sheltered
by the surrounding vegetation, and lay their 4-5 eggs there. They commonly
raise two broods of young each in a summer, and the young are streaked like
their sparrow ancestors. As they have become more common breeders in Northwest
cities in recent years, watch for the young in your own yard in midsummer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Dennis Paulson<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-6299018520892825282013-09-17T13:19:00.000-07:002013-09-17T13:22:15.184-07:00JELLYFISH AND THEIR PREDATORS<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-igwIgF4quAM/Uji3n2K7TJI/AAAAAAAABdc/Gi28XLwXBdA/s1600/Chrysaora+fuscescens+A68843a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-igwIgF4quAM/Uji3n2K7TJI/AAAAAAAABdc/Gi28XLwXBdA/s320/Chrysaora+fuscescens+A68843a.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Jellyfish are amazing animals. Almost entirely made of
water, without a brain or central nervous system, they manage to get around the
oceans very successfully.<o:p></o:p></div>
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One of the common species in the eastern North Pacific is
the sea nettle, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chrysaora fuscescens</i>.
This species is among the better known Pacific coast jellyfish because it can
be kept in aquaria. It can become superabundant in our waters, presumably when
the zooplankton on which it feeds are similarly abundant, but it also may be
because of the vagaries of ocean currents. Jellyfish generally swim upcurrent
so they encounter a regular supply of the tiny animals on which they feed.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-715uU6D0Qw8/Uji3wLnBvDI/AAAAAAAABdk/OMeLekb2Po4/s1600/Chrysaora+fuscescens+A68855a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-715uU6D0Qw8/Uji3wLnBvDI/AAAAAAAABdk/OMeLekb2Po4/s320/Chrysaora+fuscescens+A68855a.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Not very many animals feed on jellyfish because of a
combination of their fairly effective antipredator adaptions and their very low
nutrient content. Two of these that do so are actually specialists, large
animals that roam slowly around the world’s oceans and eventually run into
single or even concentrations of jellyfish.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Ocean Sunfish (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mola
mola</i>) is the more common of these two species. This is the largest and
best-known species of its family and in fact the heaviest bony fish in the
world, with an average weight of 1,000 kilograms. It looks about like a head
with fins, swimming with a sculling motion of the big dorsal and anal fins. A
long fin waving at the water surface is usually a good indication of one of
these two-meter monsters.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dHtCCKKu5Ok/Uji5z9kEHlI/AAAAAAAABeU/Z7ByT_9NLjE/s1600/Mola+mola+A74352a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dHtCCKKu5Ok/Uji5z9kEHlI/AAAAAAAABeU/Z7ByT_9NLjE/s320/Mola+mola+A74352a.jpeg" width="320" /></a>Ocean sunfish are usually found floating at the surface on
their side, perhaps taking advantage of the warmest surface water to more
effectively digest the great amount of jellyfish they have to eat to gain
adequate nutrition. We see them when they are at the surface, but in fact they
spend much of their time well below the surface and perhaps come up just to
warm up!<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-G4aljYb3Xls/Uji4rpLZOWI/AAAAAAAABd4/cLsWNC03xgE/s1600/Mola+mola+A74571a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-G4aljYb3Xls/Uji4rpLZOWI/AAAAAAAABd4/cLsWNC03xgE/s320/Mola+mola+A74571a.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Ocean Sunfish are known to lay the most eggs of any animal
in the world, up to 300 million eggs at one time. The larvae look nothing like
the adults but are more like the larvae of other members of their order,
including puffers and porcupine fish. It is rare to sight groups of juveniles,
but five such groups were seen off Grays Harbor in September 2013; presumably
like other fish, they school for protection from predators, among them sharks
and sea lions.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-CQrLLtq6CzM/Uji4yuIrWyI/AAAAAAAABeA/0ymFwJfy8oo/s1600/Dermochelys+coriacea+A74671a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-CQrLLtq6CzM/Uji4yuIrWyI/AAAAAAAABeA/0ymFwJfy8oo/s320/Dermochelys+coriacea+A74671a.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The other main medusivore, as a jellyfish-eater should be
called, is the Leatherback Turtle (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dermochelys
coriacea</i>). This is also huge for its group, the largest living turtle at an
average weight of 400 kilograms. The largest ever recorded had a carapace
length of over 2.2 meters. These animals are very different from the sunfish in
that they have to go to shore to nest, and the ones in our waters are migrants
from, amazingly, the Southwest Pacific. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Of all the sea turtles, this is the one most capable of
living in cold waters, even north to the Gulf of Alaska. They generate
metabolic heat by swimming, and they are insulated by fat as well as warmed by
counter-current heat exchange in their blood vessels. Although “cold-blooded”
like other reptiles, their body temperature has been recorded as up to 18° C.
warmer than the water in which they swam.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />
Northern Fulmars (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fulmarus glacialis</i>)
also eat large jellyfish, among the few birds that do so. The cnidarians
because of their watery nature are poorly represented in stomach contents, but
observers have seen them picking at jellies. They appear to go after the
gonads, which are doubtless more nutritious and oil-rich than the rest of the
animal.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gHsbLKIBclg/Uji46ql3OMI/AAAAAAAABeI/k8p9lrmqtFc/s1600/Northern+Fulmar+A41999.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gHsbLKIBclg/Uji46ql3OMI/AAAAAAAABeI/k8p9lrmqtFc/s320/Northern+Fulmar+A41999.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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And all these animals eat their jelly without peanut butter!<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Dennis Paulson<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-59215670634130873862013-09-10T11:37:00.004-07:002013-09-10T11:38:35.767-07:00THE SHOREBIRDS ARE BACK<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4sfk3Qo271Q/Ui9l_f5pAsI/AAAAAAAABcU/_g70l1hrnAk/s1600/Long-billed+Dowitcher+A73678.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4sfk3Qo271Q/Ui9l_f5pAsI/AAAAAAAABcU/_g70l1hrnAk/s320/Long-billed+Dowitcher+A73678.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In fact, southbound migratory shorebirds have been back in
the Pacific Northwest since the last week of June, but it is timely to write
about them, as they are probably at their peak at the beginning of September.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hKV9rgBWp9g/Ui9mT22PokI/AAAAAAAABcc/RF9fc0ugTG0/s1600/Long-billed+Dowitcher+SX8409.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hKV9rgBWp9g/Ui9mT22PokI/AAAAAAAABcc/RF9fc0ugTG0/s320/Long-billed+Dowitcher+SX8409.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The adults come back as soon as their young fledge,
but of course some nests fail, and those adults are the first to return. Why
stay in the Arctic, with all those mosquitoes and arctic foxes, when where you
really should be is on a mud flat in Grays Harbor or a sandy beach in Sinaloa?
Some of them are going farther, well into South America, so they had better get
an early start for that long flight.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-a4aqhG5aWRU/Ui9mZdE2spI/AAAAAAAABck/cj8pMua0v-k/s1600/Long-billed+Dowitcher+44679.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-a4aqhG5aWRU/Ui9mZdE2spI/AAAAAAAABck/cj8pMua0v-k/s320/Long-billed+Dowitcher+44679.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
In quite a few shorebird species, one sex deserts the other adult and the
offspring soon after the eggs hatch. The majority of these are females,
presumably because females have expended much energy producing the eggs, so to
balance parental investment, the males are left to raise the young. Most
shorebirds don’t feed their young, so raising young shorebirds consists of
shepherding them around to feeding sites and warning them about potential
predators. It’s still a lot of work (imagine keeping track of four kids when
you can’t see them much of the time).<br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_Fm4iE37VVM/Ui9mejOXYCI/AAAAAAAABcs/tKqlMyZXicE/s1600/Black+Turnstone+S7071.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_Fm4iE37VVM/Ui9mejOXYCI/AAAAAAAABcs/tKqlMyZXicE/s320/Black+Turnstone+S7071.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Perhaps because they are big enough to potentially ward off
predators, large shorebirds such as curlews and godwits divide parental
responsibility, and the sexes migrate together. This is also true of most
plovers. But the first Western Sandpipers you see in fall are probably those
that failed at nesting, then a large wave of females that have left their
families, then the males.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M5KaGF2SxbY/Ui9mmctneuI/AAAAAAAABc0/9iSPkXPJkR0/s1600/shorebirds+A41477.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M5KaGF2SxbY/Ui9mmctneuI/AAAAAAAABc0/9iSPkXPJkR0/s320/shorebirds+A41477.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Many of these species undergo body molt while they are
migrating, so in the fall we see birds in breeding plumage, in nonbreeding
plumage, and at all stages in between. In addition, another plumage complicates
the issue. These are the juveniles, young of the year that migrate after the
adults. The peaks of their migration are often about a month apart, so in some
species that continue south after passing through our region, we see a lot of
adults and then a lot of juveniles, but not much mixing.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yfs9PS5Xgd0/Ui9mvT-gOkI/AAAAAAAABc8/P2-LjFFpBhY/s1600/Red+Knot,+S-B+Dowitcher+A74066.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yfs9PS5Xgd0/Ui9mvT-gOkI/AAAAAAAABc8/P2-LjFFpBhY/s320/Red+Knot,+S-B+Dowitcher+A74066.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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When trying to identify unknown shorebirds, it is extremely
important to place them in a plumage, or at least an age stage. In fall, the
adults have very worn body feathers until they are all replaced, and many of
them don’t replace all their feathers until some time in the winter. Of the
flight feathers, both the primaries and the tertials (the feathers of the inner
wing that cover the primaries when the wing is folded) become very worn, and
that wear is easily seen. Juveniles, on the other hand, have neat unworn
feathers, including the primaries and tertials.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Zdjui9BU7ak/Ui9m0_aQaLI/AAAAAAAABdE/Niisi8rwZQ8/s1600/Least+&+Western+Sandpipers+SX10019.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Zdjui9BU7ak/Ui9m0_aQaLI/AAAAAAAABdE/Niisi8rwZQ8/s320/Least+&+Western+Sandpipers+SX10019.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Get out to the coast and savor the shorebirds. You can
easily see one to two dozen species on a good day, and identification is much
facilitated because they are often in mixed-species flocks.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Dennis Paulson</div>
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<o:p></o:p><br />
<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-29026806912837073242013-08-13T13:29:00.000-07:002013-08-13T13:29:13.636-07:00KINGS OF THE INSECT JUNGLE
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SuLX_TbqMeM/UgqValTe8TI/AAAAAAAABbU/ddAY2wc8hO0/s1600/Eccritosia+zamon+3588a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SuLX_TbqMeM/UgqValTe8TI/AAAAAAAABbU/ddAY2wc8hO0/s320/Eccritosia+zamon+3588a.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Many insects are predators on other insects. Dragonflies and
damselflies (order Odonata) come to mind immediately, as all of them eat
smaller insects and spiders. But put them up against robber flies (order
Diptera, family Asilidae), and they have not only met their match but been
bested with ease.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Robber flies eat dragonflies and damselflies regularly, but
there are almost no records of odonates turning the tables. One type of
predator is clearly superior to the other. I have seen robber flies take
insects from most orders, including their own. Size is no limit, as an
inch-long robber fly can latch onto a flying dragonfly three times its size and
bring it down to the ground instantly with a paralyzing bite. Presumably if the
fly was captured, it could do the same thing to its captor.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PNb4m28d-oY/UgqVj5cDJxI/AAAAAAAABbc/Jfn7fxv-jps/s1600/Stenopogon+rufibarbis+S22660a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PNb4m28d-oY/UgqVj5cDJxI/AAAAAAAABbc/Jfn7fxv-jps/s320/Stenopogon+rufibarbis+S22660a.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The two wings of a robber fly are narrow but strong, and
they propel their owner through the air with an audible—sometimes impressively
loud—buzz. Their flights are usually short, and when you hear that buzz you can
often find its source resting on a branch, rock or the ground. They usually
perch right out in the open, again like a dragonfly, where they can see
potential prey. They have relatively large, forward-pointing eyes as befits a
predator.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wEbcJ3Mbl4M/UgqV8caK_iI/AAAAAAAABbs/z4In7J088oI/s1600/Efferia+sp+S5142.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wEbcJ3Mbl4M/UgqV8caK_iI/AAAAAAAABbs/z4In7J088oI/s320/Efferia+sp+S5142.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
The thick, tubular proboscis injects venom that is both proteolytic and
neurotoxic. The neurotoxin paralyzes the prey almost immediately, and the
proteolytic enzymes digest the innards into a liquid soup that the fly sucks
out. The proboscis is strong and sharp enough to penetrate the hard cuticle of
a beetle.<br />
<br />
Many insects are poisonous and distasteful and brightly colored to advertise their unpalatibility. This adaptation must be against birds, because robber flies freely feed on such insects, as do dragonflies.<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Q8Z_LfLWfC4/UgqVw7LGiYI/AAAAAAAABbk/ywvnhI1HUJs/s1600/Efferia+benedicti+N1600a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="227" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Q8Z_LfLWfC4/UgqVw7LGiYI/AAAAAAAABbk/ywvnhI1HUJs/s320/Efferia+benedicti+N1600a.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Robber flies are very bristly. The legs have long, sharp
spines to hold onto the prey, much as in dragonflies. The face has a dense coat
of bristles, called the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mystax</i>,
presumably to protect it from the legs and mandibles of struggling prey (but
it’s a sure thing that they don’t struggle for long).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Many robber flies are sleek and pointed at the rear, the jet
fighters of the insect world. Others are fat and fuzzy, very effective mimics
of bumble bees but just as effective as predators. They have been called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aggressive mimics</i>, mimicking their
favored prey species to get close enough to make a kill.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RQXGJQBRHI4/UgqWH0L2jQI/AAAAAAAABb0/7qs9EmKPXrk/s1600/Laphria+virginica+27023.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RQXGJQBRHI4/UgqWH0L2jQI/AAAAAAAABb0/7qs9EmKPXrk/s320/Laphria+virginica+27023.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KQ-MUIdvboM/UgqWif24xnI/AAAAAAAABb8/Vxj11nShBfo/s1600/Megaphorus+17740.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KQ-MUIdvboM/UgqWif24xnI/AAAAAAAABb8/Vxj11nShBfo/s320/Megaphorus+17740.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fly larvae are legless and look like maggots, and robber
flies are no exception. Slim and pointed at both ends, at least some of them feed
on the larvae of other insects, usually in rotting organic material such as
logs and dead trees or in the soil. Surprisingly little is known about the
larval life of this group, however.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
With over 7000 species in the world, robber flies are
diverse on all the continents. They are relatively uncommon in the wet western
lowlands of the Pacific Northwest, just as many groups of insects are less
common in our cool, cloudy summer climate. Head across the Cascades to see a
lot more of them in the dry, open areas that they prefer.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5TCkDVAnxLg/UgqWpwtHJhI/AAAAAAAABcE/UYHK-cri32U/s1600/Trioria+interrupta+S14995.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5TCkDVAnxLg/UgqWpwtHJhI/AAAAAAAABcE/UYHK-cri32U/s320/Trioria+interrupta+S14995.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Robber flies are easily observable, as they are fairly tame,
but capturing one in an insect net and looking at it closely allows you to
appreciate its adaptations even more. Be cautious, however, as their bite can
be painful. I know enough about their adaptations that I have never allowed one
to bite me!<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dennis Paulson<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-39541732754829451342013-07-30T09:28:00.000-07:002013-07-30T09:28:25.508-07:00ODONATA EMERGENCE – A CHANGE IN VENUE
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-d488i3xQGrU/UffnwvNh7UI/AAAAAAAABao/fiABLpA67yI/s1600/Libellula+quadrimaculata+%2528DP%25291.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="155" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-d488i3xQGrU/UffnwvNh7UI/AAAAAAAABao/fiABLpA67yI/s320/Libellula+quadrimaculata+%2528DP%25291.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Dragonflies (including damselflies, both in the order
Odonata) are aquatic as larvae and terrestrial (and aerial) as adults. These
are very different environments, and organisms need different adaptations to be
successful in each one.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Dragonflies, like amphibians, have successfully colonized these two different
environments. Some amphibians remain in water, and their immature and mature
stages are very similar. Others undergo a dramatic metamorphosis when they move
from water to land, for example tadpoles to frogs.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iH3t6bHi1Jo/Uffn_wTw8-I/AAAAAAAABaw/ANRP-iSoVO4/s1600/Gomphus+cavillaris+%2528DP%2529a.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iH3t6bHi1Jo/Uffn_wTw8-I/AAAAAAAABaw/ANRP-iSoVO4/s320/Gomphus+cavillaris+%2528DP%2529a.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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In dragonflies the changes are even more dramatic. A
dragonfly larva (nymph) is so different from an adult that you would never
think they were the same organism. Each is perfectly adapted to its
environment, but they must change radically to move from one to the other.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Most dragonfly larvae spend months, in some cases years, in
the water. Very tiny when they hatch from the egg, they begin feeding on other
small organisms immediately. With an inflexible exoskeleton, they have to molt
to grow, so they enlarge each time they shed their cuticle and grow a new one.
Each of these stages is called an instar. Larvae usually go through 10-12
instars before they are full size.</div>
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While in the last instar, they begin the amazing
transformation of metamorphosis. Within the larval body, tissues are
transformed from larval to adult tissues. All this happens while the larva continues
to move around, feed, and try to avoid being eaten by some other predator.
Finally, the change becomes such that the larva switches from aquatic to aerial
respiration. It cannot feed any more by that time, and it heads for a place to
emerge from the water.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The larva crawls up onto shore or onto a stem emerging from the water and
begins its transformation. It anchors itself in place by its sharp claws. Soon
a split appears in the cuticle of the thorax, and the adult within enlarges and
begins to emerge. The thorax and then the head emerge, and the dragonfly rests
in that position for some time, presumably waiting for muscles to firm up.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5BHnlfIVg0k/UffoZSTkAWI/AAAAAAAABbI/2y4XmNnzqZA/s1600/Stylogomphus+sigmastylus+27576.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="244" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5BHnlfIVg0k/UffoZSTkAWI/AAAAAAAABbI/2y4XmNnzqZA/s320/Stylogomphus+sigmastylus+27576.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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It then reaches forward and grabs its own skin or the stem
in front of it and pulls itself completely out of the larva (the cast skin is
called an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">exuvia</i>). It is still more
or less the shape of the larva, but then it begins to enlarge still more while
still soft. First it pumps body fluids into the wings, which had been
accordioned into very small wing pads. The wings get bigger and bigger, finally
reaching full size.</div>
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The fluids then are pumped from the wings into the abdomen, which lengthens
greatly. Eventually the fully developed wings open up, and the dragonfly
remains that way for a while. Finally it lifts into the air and flies away. The
entire process may take only a half hour in a small damselfly, up to several
hours in a large dragonfly, but the result is the same. Free of the water at
last, the dragonfly undertakes a completely different life from then on.<br />
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That life will be much shorter than the larval life, in the range of a week to
a few months, but it will involve dispersal away from the water to feed and
mature, then back to the water to mate and, for the females, to lay eggs. The
cycle is complete.<br />
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Dennis Paulson</div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6596499451041435250.post-3390841046381676462013-07-09T15:58:00.001-07:002013-07-09T15:59:28.248-07:00“TIS THE SEASON TO EAT DUCKLINGS,<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pr1ISychdeU/UdyUqKHhmeI/AAAAAAAABZI/oEOXYDFPgiI/s1600/Gadwall+SX6694.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pr1ISychdeU/UdyUqKHhmeI/AAAAAAAABZI/oEOXYDFPgiI/s320/Gadwall+SX6694.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Fa la la la la, they’re good for you.”</div>
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This just might be the spring song at the top of the Coyote
Hit Parade. Ducks have been breeding for the past several months in the Pacific
Northwest, and there is a steady supply of cute, fuzzy, edible ducklings.
Mallards were first, and many of them have full-sized young now. They were
followed by other species, including Gadwalls, the second most common breeding
duck in western Washington.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Ducks lay clutches of around 8-10 eggs and incubate them for
almost a month to hatching. Incubation begins when the last egg is laid, so the
young all develop synchronously and hatch at about the same time. The female leads
the ducklings from the nest off to a good wetland feeding area, watching
carefully for predators.<o:p></o:p></div>
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She can warn her offspring to hide, but she can’t do much to
protect them against the predatory mammals, birds, snakes, frogs and fish that
might relish a duckling meal. A duckling might be a snack for a Coyote, a good
lunch for a Mink, or an overstuffed belly for a Bullfrog.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BDUWnf6LdVc/UdyVC-LQLKI/AAAAAAAABZY/cuHq_z_yOao/s1600/Wood+Duck+SX6707.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BDUWnf6LdVc/UdyVC-LQLKI/AAAAAAAABZY/cuHq_z_yOao/s320/Wood+Duck+SX6707.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The downy (cute) stage in a Mallard lasts about 25 days, and
then they begin feathering out and enter their gawky “teenager” stage. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After another few weeks, they are fully
feathered, and they can fly at around two months of age; most broods are
abandoned by the female then or a bit before.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Males of most species of ducks desert their mates when
incubation begins, but in city ducks, it seems that more and more males can be
seen with their families, at least early in the season, and one wonders if
there are genetic changes happening in these populations.</div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KLxchQbyPDs/UdyVbhxDqnI/AAAAAAAABZw/576xMbl-yGA/s1600/Mallard+SX3581.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KLxchQbyPDs/UdyVbhxDqnI/AAAAAAAABZw/576xMbl-yGA/s320/Mallard+SX3581.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GNu_Uh8lAjo/UdyVRWzZhpI/AAAAAAAABZo/xGTcCYeB9vI/s1600/Gadwall+SX6768.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GNu_Uh8lAjo/UdyVRWzZhpI/AAAAAAAABZo/xGTcCYeB9vI/s320/Gadwall+SX6768.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The males begin to molt out of their definitive plumage soon
after leaving the females, changing to a female-like eclipse plumage and
eventually molting all their flight feathers simultaneously. The Gadwall shown
here is entering that plumage. After their brood has fledged, females also
undergo a complete molt, although they don’t change plumage.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Meanwhile, predators are taking their toll. Rarely will you
see a complete brood of ducklings. Instead, the numbers decrease week by week
until there are often only a few left with any given female. Sometimes females
combine broods, raising the level of predator awareness with two pairs of eyes,
but the young still remain relatively unprotected.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In any case, all a pair has to do is raise two young
successfully in their lifetimes to keep populations stable. Waterfowl
populations as a whole are doing well, so those females must be doing something
right! Perhaps it’s good that not all those ducklings survive, as wouldn’t we
be knee-deep in ducks at some point?<o:p></o:p></div>
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Dennis Paulson<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Slater Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09060874877227806320noreply@blogger.com3